Part 5: Overview of Adaptive Immunity Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Part 5: Overview of Adaptive Immunity Deck (34)
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1
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Acts against a specific intruder

2
Q

Adaptive immune response branches

A

Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity

Cellular (cell mediated) immunity

3
Q

Antibodies (Ab) are also called

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

4
Q

Glycoproteins are composed of

A

2 identical heavy chains

2 identical light chains

5
Q

Fab

A

2 identical antigen binding sites on the antibody

6
Q

Fc site

A

Interacts with other components of the immune system

7
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there?

A

5

8
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

Monomer
Most abundant antibody in blood and tissues
Most important for combating a pathogen

9
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

A

Pentamer
First antibody made when a new antigen is encountered
Excellent at agglutination
Does not leave blood and enter tissues

10
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

Dimer
Secreted into saliva, tears, mucous
Helps to protect mucosal surfaces

11
Q

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

A

Monomer
Found on the surface of B cells
Plays a role in activating B cells to respond against an antigen

12
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

Monomer
Found on the surface of mast cells and basophils
Causes them to release granules of histamine
Triggers allergic response

13
Q

Antibodies have five major functions

A
Neutralization
Opsonization
Agglutination
Antibody mediated cytotoxicity
Complement activation
14
Q

Neutralization

A

Ab stick to antigens on a foreign particle and block attachment sites - stops bacteria, viruses, and toxins from entering host cells

15
Q

Opsonzation

A

Ab stick to a pathogen’s surface and flag down phagocytes
Phagocyte interacts with the Fc region and engulfs the pathogen
Greatly increases rate of phagocytosis

16
Q

Agglutination

A

Ab can stick to two identical antigens
Bridges particles together in clumps
Can be phagocytized more easily

17
Q

Antibody mediated cytotoxicity

A

Ab binds to antigen on the surface of a parasite
Fc can interact with eosinophils
Eosinophils release enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates to attack the parasite

18
Q

Complement activation

A

Ab bound to a bacteria can activate complement
Results in the membrane attack complex (MAc)
Insert into bacterial membranes
Forms a pore
Cell leaks and dies

19
Q

Complement

A

A set of proteins in the blood that assist other components of the immune system
“Classical pathway” of complement activation

20
Q

Acquired

A

A pathogen must be encountered before the adaptive immune response is mounted

21
Q

Specific

A

Can mount a directed attack against a specific pathogen - immunity to one pathogen does not confer immunity to another

22
Q

Memory

A

Once a specific pathogen has been encountered immune system cells multiply and produce long living memory

23
Q

Tolerance

A

Inability to mount an adaptive immune response against self-antigens
Immune system cells that recognize self-antigens are destroyed during development

24
Q

Primary response

A

The first time a new pathogen is encountered, the adaptive immune response is weak

25
Q

What is the major result of primary response?

A

Immunologic memory

26
Q

Secondary response

A

The next time that pathogen is encountered memory cells are ready to response
Response can be so quick that the pathogen is unable to cause disease - immunity

27
Q

Immunogen

A

Any foreign particle that can induce an adaptive immune response
Normally large molecules - protein, polysaccharides, some lipids

28
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that can react with antibodies or receptors on adaptive immune system cells

29
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins made by the immune system that can bind to, and inactive foreign antigens

30
Q

Epitope

A

The actual part of the antigen that can bind to antibody

31
Q

More epitopes on an antigen mean

A

The more immunogenic it will be and the more diverse population of antibodies can be generated against it

32
Q

Hapten

A

Low molecular weight compound too small to be immunogenic on its own, but can be highly antigenic

33
Q

Example of hapten

A

Penicillin

34
Q

Penicillin is small and non-immunogenic on its own

A

Can bind to proteins in the blood forming a strong immunogen

Antibodies are formed against it - leading to an allergic response