Part 4: Diversity of Archaea Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Part 4: Diversity of Archaea Deck (46)
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1
Q

How many phyla are Archaea split into?

A

5

2
Q

Key genus of Haloarchaea

A

Halobacterium

3
Q

Environment of Halobacterium

A

Minimum 1.5 M (~9%) NaCl for growth

4
Q

Halobacterium are found in?

A

Solar salt evaporation ponds and salt lakes where salt concentrations approaches saturation - highly alkaline hypersaline environments

5
Q

How do halophiles maintain osmotic balance?

A

Accumulation or synthesis of compatible solutes

6
Q

Halobacterium pump large amounts of what into the cell?

A

K+ into the cell - intracellular K+ concentration exceeds extracellular Na+ concentration and positive water balance is maintained

7
Q

What is a unique feature found only in some haloarchaea?

A

Light-driven synthesis of ATP using bacteriohodopsin

8
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A

Cytoplasmic membrane proteins that can absorb light energy and pump proteins across the membrane to make ATP
Cannot fix CO2
= photoheterotrophs

9
Q

Key genera of Methanogenic Archaea

A

Methanobacterium, Methanosarcina

10
Q

Methanogens are the only microbes capable of?

A

Significant methane production

11
Q

What do methanogens produce?

A

The bulk of CH4 in the atmosphere (green house gas)

12
Q

Methanogens are strict

A

Anaerobes

13
Q

Where are methanogens found in?

A

Diverse anaerobic environment - cow’s gut, sewage sludge

14
Q

Methanobacteriales cell wall

A

Composed of pseudomurein similar in structure to peptidoglycan

15
Q

Methanogen cell wall type

A

S-layer made of protein or glycoprotein

16
Q

Obligate anaerobes use what substrates

A

H2+CO2, formate, acetate, methanol

17
Q

Methanobacterium use what substrates

A

H2+CO2 but not methanol or acetate

18
Q

Methanosarcine use what substrates

A

Acetate and methanol but only some can use H2+CO2

19
Q

How do methanogens use glucose?

A

It can be converted to methane but only in a cooperative reaction between them and other anaerobic bacteria

20
Q

Key genus of Thaumarchaeota

A

Nitrosopumilus

21
Q

How does Nitrosopumilus grow?

A

Chemolithotrophically by aerobically oxidizing ammonia

22
Q

Nitrosopumilus carbon source

A

CO2

23
Q

Nitrosopumilus can grow

A

At very low levels of ammonia

24
Q

What do indigenous Nitrosopumilus do?

A

Ammonia oxidation in open ocean water

25
Q

What can Nitrosopumilus do for the soil?

A

Nitrify it

26
Q

Example of Nanoarchaeota

A

Nanoarchaeum equitans

27
Q

Size of Nanoarchaeum equitans

A

~0.4 micrometers

28
Q

Nanoarchaeum equitans forms a symbiotic relationship with

A

Crenarchaeote Ignicoccus

29
Q

Genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans

A

Smallest genome known

30
Q

Nanoarchaeum lack

A

Genes for all but core molecular processes

31
Q

Nanoarchaeum rely on the host for

A

Most of its cellular needs

32
Q

Korarchaeum cryptofilum metabolism

A

Obligately anaerobic chemoorganotrophic

33
Q

Korarchaeum cryptofilum environment

A

Hyperthermophile

34
Q

Korarchaeum cryptofilum cells

A

Long, thin filaments that lack many core genes

35
Q

Korarchaeum cryptofilum rely on

A

Other members of hot spring community

36
Q

Most Crenarchaeota are

A

Hyperthermophiles but some lives in extremely cold environments

37
Q

Metabolism of Crenarchaeota

A

Chemoorganotrophs or chemolithotrophs

38
Q

Crenarchaeota respiration

A

Aerobically or anaerobic

39
Q

Crenarchaeota accepts what electons

A

NO3-, S0, Fe3+

40
Q

Crenarchaeota donates what electrons

A

H2

41
Q

Example of Crenarchaeota

A

Sulfolobus

42
Q

Sulfolobus lives in

A

Sulfur-rich acidic hot spring (pH 2)

43
Q

Sulfolobus metabolism and respiration

A

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

44
Q

Sulfolobus oxidize

A

Reduce sulfur or iron

45
Q

Crenarchaeota contain several representatives which have an optimum growth temperature

A

Above 100C

46
Q

Geogemma barossii can grow up to

A

121C