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MBIO1010 > Part 5: Overview of Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Part 5: Overview of Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate resistance protects against

A

Most infectious disease

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2
Q

Innate resistance

A
  • Exists at birth and always present
  • Natural host resistance
  • Can be specific for tissues
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3
Q

Parts of innate resistance

A

Chemical + physical barriers, special immune system cells, physiological processes and molecular defenses

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4
Q

Natural host resistance

A

Susceptability to pathogens varies from species to species

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5
Q

Example of natural host resistance

A

Anthrax: fatal blood infection in cattle vs. cutaneous in humans

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6
Q

Infection site and tissue specificity

A

Pathogens prefer a specific body site to initiate infection

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7
Q

Skin prevents

A

Invasion by microbes

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8
Q

Protective protein of skin

A

Keratin

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9
Q

pH of skin

A

Slightly acidic pH 5

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10
Q

High [NaCl} in skin means

A

Periodic drying

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11
Q

Mucous traps

A

Microbes

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12
Q

Mucous contains

A

Antimicrobial secretions

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13
Q

Example of mucous membrane secretions

A

Lysozyme and defensins

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14
Q

Lysozyme does what?

A

Cuts beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Defensin mechanism

A

Antimicrobial peptides that poke holes in bacterial cell membranes

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16
Q

The mucocilliary escalator

A

Cilliated cells line the mucous membranes of the airways

Sweeping action moves mucous and microbes away from the lungs

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17
Q

Stomach acidity

A

pH ~2
Proteolytic enzymes
Destroys most microbes

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18
Q

Small intestine

A

Rapid change in pH
Pancreatic enzymes
Bile
Destroy microbes

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19
Q

Large intestine: normal microbiota

A

Microbes that already reside and on the human body

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20
Q

Large intestine: normal microbiota action

A

Take up attachment sites, limit available nutrients, make antimicrobial compounds

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21
Q

Genitourinary tract protection

A

Urine, flushing action, normal microbiota

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22
Q

Vaginal epithelial cells produce

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus ferments

A

Glucose to lactose acid

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24
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Collection of tissues that bring specialized cells (lymphocytes) into contact with foreign material (antigens)

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25
Lymphatic system is made of
Lymph vessels and lymphoid organs
26
Lymph
Similar to blood containing white blood cells (leukocytes) but without red blood cells
27
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
28
What happens in bone marrow and thymus?
Leukocytes are produced and mature
29
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT
30
Secondary lymphoid organs contain
Leukocytes arranged to filter out microbes and antigens
31
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue action
Leukocytes constantly sample their surroundings by phagocytosis looking for foreign material
32
Leukocytes
Cells that circulate in the blood and lymph, and reside in lymphoid organs
33
Leukocytes are involved in
Both branches of the immune response (innate and adaptive)
34
Granulocytes
Cytoplasm contains granules filled with reactive chemicals that can kill microbes and signal other components of immunity
35
Types of granulocytes
Basophils and mast cells Eosinophils Neutrophils
36
Basophils and mast cells granules stain with
Basic dyes
37
Basophils and mast cells are
Non-phagocytic
38
Basophil and mast cell location
Circulate in blood (basophils) or reside in mucosal tissue (mast cells)
39
Basophils and mast cells can be triggered to
Degranulate
40
Basophils and mast cells release
Vasoactive mediators
41
Vasoactive mediators
Trigger inflamation
42
Type of vasoactive mediator
Histamine - involved in the allergic response
43
Eosinophils granules stain with
Acidic dyes
44
Eosinophils are
Non-phagocytic
45
Eosinophil location
Can leave the blood and enter tissues in areas of inflammation
46
Eosinophils attack
Large parasites - protozoa and parasitic worms
47
Eosinophils release
Reactive oxygen intermediates that destroy parasite from the outside
48
Oxygen intermediates
O2-, H2O2, OH
49
Neutrophils
Granules are filled with digestive enzymes
50
Digestive enzymes
Lysozyme and defensins
51
Neutrophil locations
Circulate in blood and migrate to infection sites
52
Neutrophils action
Highly phagocytic - "eat" invading bacteria
53
Central component of innate immunity
Neutrophils
54
Monocytes location
Circulate in the blood, and then migrate to tissues, and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
55
Monocyte mechanism
Strongly phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation
56
Macrophages location
Reside in tissues - lungs, liver, spleen, connective tissues
57
Macrophages have
Specific surface molecules that recognize pathogens - toll-like receptors
58
Toll-like receptors are found on
LPS, peptidoglycan, fungal cell walls that induces phagocytosis
59
Dendritic cell location
Reside in tissues that serve as common entry points for pathogens: skin (langerhan's cells) and mucous membranes of the nose, lungs, and intestines
60
Dendritic cells sample their surroundings using
Phagocytosis
61
Dendritic cell action
Migrate to lymphoid organs then present foreign antigens on their surface to B and T lymphocytes - trigger the specific (adaptive) immune response
62
Lymphocytes are
Specialized leukocytes involved primarily in the adaptive immune response
63
Lymphocyte location
Circulate through the blood and reside in lymphoid organs
64
B lymphocytes
Antibody producing cells
65
B lymphocytes are involved in
Humoral immune response
66
T lymphocytes are involved in
Cell mediated immune response
67
Natural killer cells destroy
Abnormal cells: cancer cells, cells infected by bacteria or viruses
68
Innate immunity has the ability
To destroy a pathogen that has never been encountered before
69
Innate immunity involves
Phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
70
Phagocytic leukocytes can recognize
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
71
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are found on
Lipopolysaccharide Lipoteichoic acid Flagellin
72
What do we find on phagocytes?
Toll-like receptors
73
Toll-like receptors on phagocytes do what
Interact with a PAMP | Triggers phagocytosis
74
Phagocytes engulf by
Cell membrane invaginates around a foreign particle and engulfs it into a phagosome
75
Phagolysosome
A phagosome fused with a lysosome
76
Phagolysosome is filled with
Lysozyme and defensins Proteases Lipases Nuclease
77
Proteases
Degrade proteins
78
Lipases
Degrade phospholipids
79
Nuclease
Degrade nucleic acids
80
Oxygen dependent killing
Activated phagocytes produce reactive oxygen compounds that kill ingested microbes by oxidizing cell components
81
Oxygen compounds
H2O2, O2-, OH-, HOCl, NO
82
Once invaders have been killed in oxygen dependent killing...
Neutrophils perform exocytosis - fragments are expelled from the cell Macrophages and dendritic cells become antigen presenting cells
83
Antigen presenting cells
Fragments of the intruder are presented on the cell surface to trigger an adaptive immune response
84
Inflammation
General, non-specific reaction to pathogens, toxins, or tissue damage
85
Five cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, warmth, pain, swelling, and loss of function
86
In response to infection, injured tissue and leukocytes release
Proinflammatory cytokines
87
Proinflammatory cytokines cause
Blood vessels to dilate - brings more leukocytes to the area
88
Extravasation
Allows leukocytes to squeeze into tissues and attack invading pathogens
89
Blood leaking into tissue spaces prevents
Movement of pathogens by clotting

MBIO1010 (13 decks)

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