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HU Occupational Therapy > Patho Final Exam > Flashcards

Patho Final Exam Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

narrowing and hardening of arteries due to plaque build up

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2
Q

High blood pressure

A

diastolic-inability to fill ventricle
constriction or trapping of ventricle
hear is relaxed

systolic-lack of pumping strength of ventricle
back up of blood behind weakened ventricle
Atherosclerosis leading to chronic ischemia
heart is contracted

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3
Q

High blood pressure

A

diastolic-inability to fill ventricle
constriction or trapping of ventricle

systolic-lack of pumping strength of ventricle
back up of blood behind weakened ventricle
Atherosclerosis leading to chronic ischemia

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4
Q

Thrombophlebitis/deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot or platelet that form in deep veins of the body usually in the legs or lower extremity

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5
Q

Angia pectoris

A

chest pain or chest discomfort seen in ischemic heart disease is related to having a heart attack occurs because lack of blood suppy to the heart
• Pain in neck , jaw, shoulder or chest
• Times of physical and emotional stress

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6
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

tearing or seperation of aortic walls which allow blood to get through to the aorta

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7
Q

Lymphedema

A

abnormal accumalation of high protein fluid forming just beneath the skin due to damage to lymph vessels or removal of the lymph nodes

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8
Q

shock

A
  • low blood perfusion
  • low blood pressure

cardiogenic-heart failure
hypovelimic- blood loss
septic-infection of the blood
anaphalctic shock-hypersensitivity reaction

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9
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

what is it?

symptoms?

A

•Endothelial injury loss of fluids and proteins
Acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolar capillary
• Sepsis and multiple trauma two common predisposed . Also pneumonia, near drowning , burns
• Characterized by severe hypoxemia

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10
Q

Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome

occurs during?

caused by?

A
  • Failure of 2 or more systems due to injury or illness
  • Leads to organ death, occurs during sepsis
  • Caused by ischemia or impaired perfusion to organ from episode of shock or trauma
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11
Q

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

why does this hapen

A
  • Proteins that control blood clotting become overactive in blood vessels
  • Not an illness, a complication
  • Creates blood clots in many organs
  • Normal clotting is disrupted as severe bleeding can occur
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12
Q

syncope

Occurs when?

A
  • Loss of consciousness and posture
  • Related to temporary insufficient blood flow to the brain
  • When BP is too low and heart doesn’t pump oxygenated blood to brain
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13
Q

end stage renal disease

who is more commonly affected?

Symptoms?

As common as what?

A
  • Final stage of kidney disease, kidneys are no longer functioning well enough to meet needs of daily life
  • On dialysis
  • Diabetics with high BP are more likely to be effected
  • Decrease in urine output, inability to urinate, changes in skin color, excessive theist
  • As common as heart attack
  • Not in the end stage until your kidneys stopped working
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14
Q

Ascites

What is it?

What causes it?

Symptoms?

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity most common cause of acid tights is advanced liver diseases or cirrhosis
  • Occurs when the liver spots working
  • Loss of appetite and shortness of breath
  • Caused by liver scarring this increase pressure inside the liver is blood vessels
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15
Q

Temporal Arteritis

A

lack of blood supply to the head caused by narrowing or hardening of the arteries

  • excessive sweating
  • vision loss
  • throbbing headache
  • fatigue and weakness
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16
Q

Congestive Heart Failure Right vs. Left

Characteristics or symptoms

A

-left side stops working first followed by right side
-increased swelling in the abdomen
-left side pushes oxygenated blood and right side manages deoxygenated blood
-once failure gets to the right side you see severe pitting and edma
SYMPTOMS
-Diminished of pumping ability of left ventricle
-Back up of blood in the pulmonary vasculature
-Pulmonary edema-accumulation of fluid in air sacs of the lungs causing shortness of breath
-Peripheral edema-tissue swelling ususally in the lower limbs
lower legs sweating, perfus fluid loss

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17
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

thickening and hardening of the arteries or blood vessels that affect blood flow

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18
Q

Congestive Heart Failure Right vs. Left

Characteristics or symptoms

A

-left side stops working first followed by right side
-increased swelling in the abdomen
-left side pushes oxygenated blood and right side manages deoxygenated blood
-once failure gets to the right side you see severe pitting and edma
SYMPTOMS
-Diminished of pumping ability of left ventricle
-Back up of blood in the pulmonary vasculature
-Pulmonary edema
-Peripheral edema

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19
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack

Cardiogenic heart failure
-loss of pumping strength
Arrythmias
-Irritable electrical conduction
Vascular dysfunction
-Involvement of papillary muscles 
Rupture and tamponade
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20
Q

Arrythymias ( know each type and the prognosis ie. Ventricular tachycardia)

A

Abnormal heart rhythm or heart beat that can lead to death depending on severity of disease seen in myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and Ischemic heart disease

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21
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlargement and failure of the right ventricle due to increased vascular resistance or high blood pressure in lungs
• Silent illness that leads to heart disease

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22
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease

A

Scarring and stenosis of the Mitral and aortic valves
-old sites of inflammation of the myocardiium
scarring of the percarditits

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23
Q

Tetrology of Fallot

A

the inability of blood to flow to the lungs to receive oxygen that results in the flow of unoxygenated blood throughout the body

right ventricle hypertrophy- swelling up of ventricle due to heart working harder than normal
over-riding aorta- aorta lies between two ventricles, right sided unoxygenated blood flows directly into the aorta instead of the pulmonary vein
VSD- larger
stenosis of pulmonary tract or pulmonary vein

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24
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels of the heart
-Changes in the walls of blood vessels including thickening weakening, narrowing and scarring these restrict blood resulting in organ and tissue damage

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25
Polyarteritis nodosa who is affected more? Where is inflammation?
* Small and medium sized arteries become swollen and damaged * Serious blood disorder * Type of vasculitis * More adults than children * Inflammation throughout the whole arterial wall
26
Polyarteritis nodosa
* Small and medium sized arteries become swollen and damaged * Serious blood disorder * Type of vasculitis * More adults than children * Inflammation throughout the whole arterial wall
27
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( know each type throroughly
``` lasting longer than three months chronic cough with mucus production Air passage patency Increased resistance Acute -Asthma Chronic -chronic bronchitis -Emphysema ```
28
Aneurysm
An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel.
29
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( know each type throroughly
``` Air passage patency Increased resistance Acute -Asthma Chronic -chronic bronchitis -Emphysema ```
30
Restrictive Lung Disease
Ability of lung to expand | -decreased total lung capacity
31
Cystic fibrosis
- bronchial infections - pancreas destruction - thick mucous
32
Valvular diseases
stenotic (cant open all the way up) | Incompetent (cant close all the way)
33
Alpaha- 1 antitrypsin defeciency
- emphysema - cirhossis - cant neutralize activated proteases
34
Emphysema
``` Large airspace trapped in dilated alveoli causes compression of smaller airways Also hyperinflation -pink puffer -barrel chest -trapped air -rapid respirations -pursed lips ```
35
Asthma What are the triggers
Bronchoconstriction Type 1 hypersensitivity IGE Sensitization of CD4 cells Th2 cells release cytokines
36
Bronchiestasis
``` Dialated and inflamed bronchi repeat infections lots of mucous foul smelling breath unbelievable broductive morniing cough ```
37
Hyaline membrane formation
Initiation of inflammatory response Neutrophils play a significant role Oxidant injury leakage of protein
38
chronic restrictive lung disease - Occupational - Chemotherapy - Immunological
Occupational -Asbestos -Silicosis Coal miners lung Chemotherapy -Busulfan Immunological - Rheumatoid arthritis - sarcoid - Scleroderma and other collagen vascular diseases
39
Vascular related pulmonary disease syymptoms?
``` Acute alterations in blood flow -Congestion and edema -Pulmonary embolism Chronic congestion -Eisenmingers reaction ```
40
Pneumonia
``` Infection of the alveolar spaces -bacteria -TB Interestitial tissue -Virus Mycoplasma ```
41
Pleural tumors
``` Metastatic -about anywhere Primary, Mesothelioma -mesothelial cells -Abestos workers -Slow growing -Traps and invades lungs ```
42
Upper airway
-Allergic diseases -Sinusitis -Larynx Infections Polyps Squamous cancer
43
Histoplasmosis Symptoms
Breathing spores of diamorphic yeast and fungal growth often found in bird and bat droppings is a pulmonary infection ``` Chest pain. Chills. Cough. Fever shortness of breath ```
44
Fungal Pnemonias What disease is common in this? 2 things?
Typically means something is wrong with the immune system Histoplasmosis is commom - inhalation of spores - Inhalation of Conidia - reactivation of latent infections
45
Pulmonary Abscess Aspiration of? Hole with?
- Staphyloccoccus - Aspiration of gastric material - Hole with air fluid
46
Hyaline membrane formation injury? proteins?
Initiation of inflammatory response Neutrophils play a significant role Oxidant injury leakage of protein
47
chronic restrictive lung disease - Occupational - Chemotherapy - Immunological
Occupational -Asbestos-6 naturally occuring silicate minerals -Silicosis- respiratory disease breathing and inhaling silica dust Coal miners lung Chemotherapy -Busulfan Immunological - Rheumatoid arthritis - sarcoid - Scleroderma and other collagen vascular diseases
48
Vascular related pulmonary disease What is it? three main symptoms
``` Acute alterations in blood flow from heart to lungs -Congestion and edema -Pulmonary embolism Chronic congestion -Eisenmingers reaction ```
49
Histoplasmosis symptoms
Breathing spores of diamorphic yeast and fungal growth often found in bird and bat droppings is a pulmonary infection Chest pain chills cough fever
50
Premature (Extra) Beats Arrythmias
Premature beats are the most common type of arrhythmia. They're harmless most of the time and often don't cause any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually feel like fluttering in the chest or a feeling of a skipped heartbeat.
51
Superventricular arrythmias
Supraventricular arrhythmias are tachycardias (fast heart rates) that start in the atria or atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is a group of cells located between the atria and the ventricles.
52
Ventricular arrythmias
These arrhythmias start in the heart's lower chambers, the ventricles. They can be very dangerous and usually require medical care right away. Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular tachycardia (fast, regular beating of the ventricles that may last for only a few seconds or for much longer and ventricular fibrillation (electrical cells make ventricles quiver instead of pump normally) (v-fib). Coronary heart disease, heart attack, a weakened heart muscle, and other problems can cause ventricular arrhythmias.
53
Bradyarrythmias What happens?
Bradyarrhythmias occur if the heart rate is slower than normal. If the heart rate is too slow, not enough blood reaches the brain. This can cause you to pass out. In adults, a heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute is considered a bradyarrhythmia. can be caused by underactive thyroid, medictions, blood imbalances
54
apnea
suspension of external breathing, you cant breath and blocked airways
55
orthopnea
discomfort of breathing that is relieved when patient is sitting up or standing
56
dyspnea
shortness of breath due to airway obstruction of the lungs and heart
57
How to detect DVT
Physical - check legs for signs, also check blood pressure, heart and lungs Diagnostic test- Ultrasound, A D-dinner test, venography Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography less common
58
cyanosis
blue or purple affect due to low oxygen
59
Diaphoresis
Excessive perspiration and secretion of sweat
60
hypercalcemia
To much calcium in the blood
61
hypocalcemia
not enough calcium in the blood
62
hyperkalemia
high potassium blood levels
63
hypokalemia
low potassium blood levels
64
ecchymosis
Nonraised skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels.
65
skin is the first line of defense against what?
bacteria and viruses
66
skin protects underlying structures from?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and dehydration
67
What happens if temperature regulation is to hot? | two things?
- Dermal blood vessels dialate | - Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
68
What happens if temperature regulation is to cold? | two things?
- Blood vessels constrict | - prevents heat from escaping
69
what is skin excretion?
-small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
70
What two skin layers make up the epidermis
Stratum corneum, and stratum basale
71
What is the stratum corneum?
- most superficial layer of the epidermis | - mostly dead cells from a impearable layer
72
Stratum basale?
- deepest layer | - cells constantly dividing and pushing older cells outward
73
Keratinocyte?
-durable proteins that make the epidermis waterproof and resistant to pathogens
74
Melanocyte?
-Traps UV radiation and prevents damage to underlying layers of the skin
75
Dermis deeper of the two skin layers, contains what major tissue types? List 5
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands - Sebacceous (oil) glands - Hair follicles and arrector pilli muscles - collagen, elastic and nerve fibers - Blood vessels -
76
Hypodermis composed of two things? functions two things?
Composed of -Adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue -Blood vessels and nerves Functions -Storage in adipose tissue -cushions and insulates underlying structures
77
blood is well oxygenated skin is what color
pink
78
If oxygen level in the blood is low the skin will be what colr
skin will be pale or have bluish color (cyanosis)
79
What is hemoglobin?
a pigment in the red blood cells
80
What is a skin lesion? What is it? Example?
``` Any variation in the skin -a simple freckle -a serious tumor -bump etc ```
81
Fissure
crack in the skin surface
82
Keloid
An overgrowth of scar tissue
83
Macule
A flat skin discoloration such as freckle or flat mole
84
Nodule
A large pimple or small node
85
Papule
An elevated mass similar to but smaller than a nodule
86
Petechiae
Pinpoint skin hemorrhages that result from bleeding disorders
87
plaque
small, flat, scaly area of skin
88
Purpura
Purple red bruises usually due to clotting abnormality
89
scale
Thin plaques of epithelial tissue on skin surface
90
Pustule
An elevated( infected) lesion containing pus
91
Tumor
A swelling of abnormal tissue growth
92
Alopecia
(baldness) occurs when hair follicles die
93
Arector pilli can cause
goose bumps
94
Sebaceous glands produce | They prevent?
Sebum to keep hair soft | they prevent bacteria from growing on the skin
95
Sudoriferus sweat glands | Eccrine and Apocrine functions
-Eccrine- produce watery type of sweat activated by heat Apoxcrine- Produce a thicker type of sweat with more proteins -armpit groin areas -activated by nervousness or stress
96
In skin healing, injury and inflammation you have
swelling, redness, and pain
97
scabies
contagious skin condition caused by mites
98
Warts
harmless growth (infection) caused by a virus
99
Rosacea
Dilation of small facial blood vessels
100
Ring worm tinea corpis tinea capitis tinea pedis
tinea corpis- skin infection caused by fungi tinea capitis- fungal infection of the scalp tinea pedis-athletes foot infection of the feet caused by fungus
101
what is herpes zoster?
shingles
102
what is pediculosis
head lice body lice pubic lice
103
Impetigo
Ozing skin lesions that eventually crust over
104
Eczema
chronic dermatitis - chronic inflammation of the skin
105
Folliculitis
Inflammation of the hair follicles
106
skin cancer abcd rule
assymetry- mole should not become assymetrical border-should not become irregular color-should not change or become mixture of colors diameter-should not grow larger than the diameter of a pencil eraser
107
skin and aging | At least 4 things that happen
-skin loses its firmness due to loss of elastic and collagen fibers in the dermis -decrease in melanocytes -decrease tolerance to temperature changes -loss in adipose tissue decrease circulation -
108
Basal cell carcinoma what is it? Symptoms? Treatment?
``` progresses slowly and rarely spreads to other body parts new growth, or sore that will not heal waxy, smooth, red pale flat or lumpy treatment Curettage, and electrodessication Moh's surgery Cryosurgery Laser therapy ```
109
squamous cell carcinoma
more likely to spread to surrounding tissues signs symtoms and tratment are the same as basal
110
Malignant melanoma
more aggressive and occurs anywhere forms melanocytes appears on the trunk, head, and neck of men and appear on the arms and legs of women -chemotherapy, radiation therapy
111
Pleura
membranes surrounding lungs and lining chest cavity Inflammation, pleuritis
112
Bronchiogenic carcinoma what type? leads to?
- squamous in most cases - chronic irritant leads to squamous metaplasia - continued exposure leads to dysplasia and eventually cancer
113
CMV pneumonia who does it occur in? what happens to immune system
common virus infant and neonate immune suppressed
114
skin test
PPD Injected intradermally Read in two days measure swelling
115
Granulomas of TB
caseous granulomas giant cells inert bug
116
pneumocystis carinii
is an opportunistic infection that occurs in immunosuppressed populations, primarily patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
117
gram negative bugs
``` -from body flora oppurtunistic infections -aspiration -alcoholic - ```

HU Occupational Therapy (14 decks)

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