PATHOLOGY Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Most common cause of cellular injury
A
Hypoxia
2
Q
The irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis
A
Pyknosis or karyopyknosis
3
Q
Fragmentation of nucleus
A
Karyorrhexis
4
Q
Disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies
A
Karyolysis
5
Q
Refers to conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient workplace and personal environment, including diseases of nutritional origin
A
Environmental disease
6
Q
Studies the distribution, effects and mechanisms of action of toxic agents
A
Toxicology
7
Q
Exogenous chemicals in the environment in air, water, food and soil that may be absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact
A
Xenobiotics
8
Q
Xenobiotics can be metabolized to non toxic metabolites and eliminated from the body
A
Detoxification
9
Q
Cherry red color of mucosa
Bitter almond odor
A
Carbon monoxide poisoning
10
Q
Carbon monoxide + hemoglobin = ?
Irreversible
A
Carboxyhemoglobin
11
Q
Child ingesting flakes of paint
A
Lead poisoning
12
Q
Severe abdominal pain not compatible with physical exam. Diagnosis?
A
Mesenteric ischemia
MC location: Griffith’s point (splenic flexure)
13
Q
DOC for acute management of lead poisoning
A
EDTA +/- Dimercaprol
14
Q
Toxicity due to contaminated fish, dental amalgams and gold mining l
A
Mercury poisoning
15
Q
Mercury poisoning with cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness and mental retardation
A
Minamata disease
Due to Methylmercury
16
Q
Main protective mechanism againts mercury poison
A
Intracellular glutathione
17
Q
Poison of kings and the king of poisons
Sources: pesticides, agricultural products and burning of coal
A
Arsenic poisoning
18
Q
Toxicity manifested as milk and roses complexion, hyperkeratosis, diarrhea, transverse bands in nails (Mee’s lines) and convulsions
A
Arsenic poisoning
19
Q
What organ in the GI tract does not have a serosa?
A
Esophagus
- more prone to infection and cancer
20
Q
Aschoff bodies
Vegetations
A
Rheumatic fever
21
Q
Rokitansky aschoff bodies
A
Chronic cholecystitis
22
Q
Anitschow cells or caterpillar cells
Aschoff bodies
A
Rheumatic fever
23
Q
Immune response of Rheumatic heart disease
A
Molecular mimicry
24
Q
Machinery like murmur
A
PDA
25
Holosystolic murmur with opening snap
Severe Mitral Stenosis
26
Native valve endocarditis (NVE)
S. Viridans
27
Endocarditis in IV drug users
S. Aureus
28
Prosthetic valve endocarditis
S. Epidermidis
29
Uninfected vegetations seen on patients with malignancy and chronic diseases
Marantic endocarditis
30
Dysphagi
Iron deficiency anemia
Esophageal webs
Plummer vinson
31
Excess iodide intake initially increases organification but this is later followed by supression
Wolf chaikoff effect
32
Iodine induced hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism following administration of iodine or iodide either as a dietary supplement or as a contrast medium
Jod basedow phenomenon
33
Thyrotoxicosis
Ophthalmopathy
Dermopathy
Graves disease
34
Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas of the world
Autoimmune hypothyroidism
35
Chernobyl
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
36
Thyroid cancer: calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
37
Pathogenesis:
Failure of the mechanisms that maintain self- tolerance
SLE
38
Most common etiology of Hypertension
Primary or essential hypertension
39
Most common etiology of Secondary Hypertension
Renovascular hypertension
40
approximate weight of the heart in the average adult male
300 to 360 grams
Female : 250 to 320 grams
41
A chronic process involving damage to endothelium and the build up of vessel-occluding lesions called plaque
Atherosclerosis
42
Most common cause of myocardial ischemia
Coronary artery disease
43
The earliest detectable feature of myocyte necrosis
Sarcolemmal membrane disruption
44
What is the most important disease affecting the heart?
Coronary Heart Disease
45
The most abundant form of lactate dehydrogenase in the heart is:
LD1
46
Most cardio-specific troponin?
Trop I
47
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages that are telltale signs of previous episodes of pulmonary edema
Heart failure cells
48
Macrophages seen in placenta
Hofbauer cells
49
Histopathologic finding in interstitial lung disease suggestive of significant asbestos exposure (asbestosis)
Ferruginous bodies
50
The most common congenital cardiac malformation
Ventricular septal defect
51
The most common genetic cause of CHD
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
52
The most likely gene defect in DiGeorge Syndrome
TBX1
53
Most common location of atrial septal defect
Near the center of the atrial septum
54
Most common type of Atrial Septal Defect
Ostium secundum
55
Most common cardiac anomaly seen in an infant presenting with mental retardation, brushfield spots and a simian crease
Endocardial cushion defect
56
Most common cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Tetralogy of Fallot
57
The most common manifestation in Rheumatic Fever
Migratory Arthritis
58
The antecedent infection associated with the molecular mimicry seen in Rheumatic Fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
59
Libman-sacks disease refers to
Endocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus
60
The most common etiology of Myocarditis
Coxsackie B virus
61
Infective endocarditis associated with virulent organisms; affects previously normal valves; highly destructive; bulkier vegetations; valve perforation common
acute IE
62
Known as Apical ballooning syndrome, Stress cardiomyopathy or “Broken-hearted” syndrome
Takotsubo Syndrome
63
Peripheral manifestations of infective endocarditis
Roth’s spots
Janeway lesions
Osler’s nodes
64
Drug of choice for the prophylaxis of Rheumatic Fever
benzathine Penicillin
65
Most common location of Ventricular septal defect
Membranous interventricular septum
66
Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of Papillary Thyroid CA
RET
67
Most common alteration in Papillary Thyroid CA
BRAF
68
Oncogene and tumor suppressor gene for follicular thyroid CA
PAX8-PPARy1
69
Oncogene and tumor suppressor genes for Anaplastic Thyroid CA
p53
TERT, BRAF and CTNNB1
70
Guardian of the genome
p53
71
BRAF mutation
- loss of iodine uptake by tumor cells
- increase recurrence rate
72
Most common type of thyroid CA
Well differentiated thyroid malignancy
Orphan Annie eyes/ clear cell nuclei
Papillary thyroid CA
73
Most common thyroid cancer seen in iodine deficient regions
Capsular and or vascular invasion
Hurtle cell histology
Follicular thyroid Ca
74
Hallmark of intestinal metaplasia
+ of goblet cell
75
Drug that causes gingival hyperplasia
Phenytoin
76
Most common cause of death of young athletes
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
77
Acute cause of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Pulmonary embolism
78
First sign of puberty in girls
Thelarch/ breast bud
8 yr/old
79
Virchow's triad?
Stasis
Increased vascular permeability
Hypercoaguability
80
Earliest manifestatiob of almost all forms of injury to cell
Cellular swelling
81
Pro-apoptotic proteins
Bax
Bad
Bak
82
Anti-apoptotic
Bcl-2
83
Necrosis in solid parenchymal organs like heart and kidney that preserves architecture and with ghost cells
Coagulative
84
Necrosis in brain (acute cerebral infarct) abscess and pleural effusion
Liquefactive
85
Necrosis in TB granuloma with lysed cells surrounded by inflammatory cells
Caseation
86
Necrosis in pancreas and adipose tissues
Fat necrosis
87
Necrosis in arteries
Fibrinoid necrosis
88
Necrosis in DM foot
Gangrenous necrosis
89
A genetically controlled form of cell death that resembles necrosis morphologically but like apoptosis genetically.
Ligation of TNFRI
Necroptosis
90
This occurs in cells infected by microbes and involves activation of caspase-I, whick cleaves the precursor form of IL-1 to generate biochemically active IL-1
Pyroptosis
91
An iron dependent pathway of cell death induced by lipid peroxidation
Ferroptosis
92
Most common cause of fatty change in adults
Alcohol
93
Neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer's disease
94
Russel bodies
Multiple myeloma
95
PSaMMoma bodies
Papillary thyroid
Serous ovarian carcinoma
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
96
Most reactive oxygen-derived free radical
Hydroxyl radical
97
Pathogenesis:
Loss of CFTR leads to defects in chloride transport
Cystic fibrosis
98
Pathogenesis:
Loss of LDL receptor leads to hypercholesterolimia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
99
Pathogenesis:
Lack of lysosomal enzyme leads to storage of GM2 gangliosides i neurons
Hexosaminidase B subunit
Tay sachs disease
100
Abnormal folding of PrPsc causes neuronal cell death
Prion
Creutzfeldt-jacob disease
101
Abnormal folding of AB peptides causes aggregation within neurons and apoptosis
AB Peptide
Alzheimers disease
102
Wernicke's triad
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Altered mental status
103
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstone
104
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcoholism
105
Most common hyperthermic syndrome
Heat exhaustion
106
Nitrosylation of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR 1)
Malignant hyperthermia
107
Drugs that can cause malignant hyperthermia
Succinylcholine and Halothane
108
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
109
Most dangerous type of electrical current
AC
Produces tetanic contractions
DC produces single shock
110
Most common form of PEM
Kwashiorkor
111
Loss of body fat and atrophy of muscles
"Broomstick extremities"
Bone marrow hypoplasia
Marasmus
112
Russel's sign
Calluses on back of hands
Bulimia nervosa
113
Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Bitot spot
Keratomalacia
Vitamin A disorder
114
Earliest manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalopia or night blindedness
115
Pathologic fractures
Bow legs (genu varum)
Tetany
Craniotabes
Rachitic rosary
Pigeon breast deformity
Osteomalacia
Dx?
Vitamin D deficiency
116
Perifollicular hemorrhage
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding gums
Loosened teeth
Glossitis
Poor wound healing
Dx?
Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency
117
Vitamin A toxicity
Papilledema
Pseudotumor cerebri
Hepatitis
Seizure bone pains
118
Acrodermatitis enterohepatica
Anorexia and diarrhea
Growth retardation
Depressed wound healing
Dx?
Zinc deficiency
119
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
Dx?
Iron deficiency
120
Goiter and hypothyroidism
Iodine deficiency
121
Muscle weakness
Neuro defect
Abnormal collagen cross-linking
Copper deficiency
122
Squamous metaplasia of lactiferousducts
Periductal mastitis/abscess
Zuska disease
KERATINIZING SQ METAPLASIA OF THE NIPPLE DUCTS
Subareolar mass with nipple retraction (not breast CA)
Smokers and vitA deficiency
123
Inflammation and dilation of the subareolar ducts
Multifarious post menopausal women
(-) sq metaplasia
Mammary duct ecstasies
124
Most common change in premenopausal women (25-45y.o)
Unopposed estrogen stimulation
Fibrocystic change
125
Gross appearance of fibrocystic change of the breast
Blue dome appearance
126
Bloody nipple discharge in a premenopausal women
Fibrovascular core lined with epithelial and myoepithelial cells
Intraductal papilloma
127
Bloody nipple discharge in a postmenopausal women
(-) myoepithelial cells
Papillary carcinoma
128
Most common benign neoplasm of the breast
Fibroadenoma
Premenopausal in 20’s and 30’s
Marble-like mass
Estrogen sensitive
129
Fibroadenoma-liketumor with overgrowth of fibrous component
Leaf-like projection
Phyllodes tumor
Postmenopausal women
Can be Malignant
130
Most common carcinoma by incidence
2nd most common by mortality
Breast cancer
131
Mammographic signs of CA
Densities and calcifications
132
(+) calcifications on mammogram
No invasion of basement membrane
Malignant proliferation of cells in ducts
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
133
Other Conditions which may cause calcification on mammography
Fat necrosis
Sclerosing adenosis
134
Nipple ulceration and skin erythema
DCIS that extends up to the skin of the nipple
Associated with CA
Microscope: RETE PEGS
Pagets disease
135
Most common type of invasive carcinoma
Invasive ductal carcinoma
136
Palpable mass
(+) calcifications on mammography
(+) skin dimpling
(+) nipple retraction
Biopsy: duct like structures in a DESMOPLASTIC STROMA
Invasive ductal carcinoma
137
Breast:
Swollen
Erythematous
Peau d’Orange
Mistaken for mastitis
Inflammatory Breast cancer (IBC)
138
Malignant proliferation of cells in lobules
No invasion of basement membrane
Incidental finding in premenopausal women
DYSCOHESIVE CELLS LACKING E-CADHERIN
Lobular carcinoma in situ
139
Indian file configuration(single file pattern)
No duct formation due to loss of e-cadherin
Invasive lobular carcinoma
140
ER and PR predict response to antiestrogenic agent such as ______
Tamoxifen
141
HER2-NEU amplification is associated with response to ______
Trastuzumab
142
Triple negative ER, PR, HER2NEU
Prognosis?
Poor prognosis
Triple negative breast carcinoma
143
Single gene mutation associated with Breast and Ovarian
BRCA1
144
Single gene mutation associated with Breast CA in males
BRCA 2
145
Most common malformation of the urethral groove and canal
HypOspadia
Ventral surface
Chordee (hook shaped)
Inguinal hernia
Cryptoorchidism
146
Defect of Genital tubercle
Epispadia
Dorsal surface
Bladder entropy
Female: bifid clitoris
147
Small orifice of prepuce preventing normal retraction
Phimosis
Tx: circumcision
148
Infection of glans and prepuce
Balanoposthitis
Candida albicans/ gardnerella
Accumulation of smegma
149
Fibromatosis of the Buck’s fascia
Painful contractures/ curvature of the penis and pain during intercourse
Peyronie disease
Causes infertility
150
Persistent painful erection
Priapism
Sickle cell disease
Penile trauma
151
Benign genital warts caused by low oncogenic virus
HPV 6 and 11
152
Hyperkeratosis (acanthosis)
Parakeratosis
Cytoplasmic vacuolization of the squamous cells (Koilocytes)
Fibrovascular cores
Condyloma acuminata
HPV 6 and 11
153
Men >35yo involving skin of shaft and scrotum
Solitary, thickened gray-white; opaque plaque; as single or multiple shiny red, velvet plaques
Bowen disease
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
(Precursor of Invasive SCCA)
154
Younger, sexually active males involving skin of shaft and scrotum
Multiple reddish brown popular lesions
May regress
Bowenoid papulosis
155
Most common carcinoma of penis
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
156
High risk HPV infections in Squamous cell carcinoma of penis
HPV 16 (MC)
HPV 18 (2nd MC)
157
Keratin pearls
Intercellular bridges
Squamous cell carcinoma
158
Common etiologic agents in inflammation of Epididymis
<35yo - Chlamydia trachomatis and neissreia gonorrhea
>35yo - E. Coli and pseudomonas aeroginosa
159
Common etiologic agents of orchitis
Autoimmune granulomatous
Gonorrhea
Mumps
TB
Syphillis
160
Sudden testicular pain
Bell clapper abnormality
Only urogenital emergency should be untwist within 6hrs
Testicular torsion
Congestion, extravasating of blood
Testicular infarction
161
Most common testicular tumor in 15 to 34 yo males
Germ cell tumors
Factors:
KIT & BAK Genes
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
162
Germ cell tumors originate from GCNIS (Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ) except:
Pediatric yolk sac tumor
Teratoma
Adult spermatic tumor
163
Most common type of germ cell tumor in males
Seminoma (50%)
Dysgerminoma in females
164
Most common tumor in infants and children up to 3years of age (very good prognosis)
Schiller ducal bodies
Hyaline globules: AFP & a1-antitrypsin
Yolk sac tumor/ endodermal sinus tumor
165
Helter smelter collection
(Collection of differentiated cells or organoid structures)
Teratoma
166
Serous fluid collection in the scrotum
Hydrocele
167
Inflammation of testis
Orchitis
168
Dilatation of veins of spermatic cord
Bag of worms
Varicocele
169
Most common germ cell tumor of the testis
Seminoma
170
Most common tumor of testis during infancy and early childhood
Yolk sac tumor
171
Major growth factor for prostatic tissue
DHT
172
Major cause of Vulvovaginitis
Candida albicans
173
PainFUL genital ulcer caused by?
ChancROID!
Hemophylus ducreyi
174
Causes genital Vesicular lesion
HSV type 2
175
Most common cause of vaginal discharge
Thin and hemogenous discharge
+10% KOH = fishy amine odor
"Clue cells"
Bacterial vaginosis
Gardrinella vaginalis
176
Common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
177
Another cause of vaginosis
Wet mount - flagellated motile organisms
Trichomonas vaginalis
178
Common benign tumor of vulva presenting as nodule that may ulcerate and bleed
Papillary hidradenoma
179
In utero exposure to DES causes?
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
180
Indicates HPV infected epithelial cells
Koilocytes
181
Macrophage stuffed with numerous C. Granulomatis organism
Donovan bodies
182
Large cells surrounded by clear halo-like area
Paget cell
183
Most common benign tumor of female reproductive tract
Fibroids
184
Most common gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial cancer
Prolonged bad unopposed exposure to estrogen
Obesity, diabetes, nulliparylity and hypertension
185
Early sexual activity with multiple partners is associated with ?
Cervical cancer
186
Stein-Leventhal syndrome aka
Polycystic ovary syndrome
187
A mass resembling a bunch of grapes projecting into the vagina
Sarcoma botryoides
188
Islands of endometrium in myometrium
Adenomyosis
189
Presents with signs and symptoms of excess estrogen production
Granulosa cell tumor
190
Rare histo resembles transitional epithelium of bladder
Brenner tumor
191
A monodermal teratoma composed of functional ectopic thyroid tissue
Struma ovarii
192
Young patient
Precocious puberty
Ovarian mass
Granulosa cell tumor
193
Small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions found in granulosa cell tumor
Call exner bodies
194
Bilateral metastatic involvement of the ovaries by a Signet Ring Carcinoma arising in stomach
Krukenberg tumor
195
Sudden peripartal respiratory difficulty progressing to shock and often to death
Amniotic fluid embolism
196
Obstetric blood loss with resultant pituitary ischemia leading to postpartal hypopituitarysm
Sheehan syndrome
197
Pruritic, planar, polygonal, and purple papules often with retucular white lines on their surface (WICKHAM STRIAE) commonly involve wrist, elbow and oral mucosa
Lichen planus
198
Inflammation of the dermal-epidermal junction with a SAW-TOOTH appearance
Lichen planus
199
Well circumscribed, salmon colored plaques with SILVER SCALE, usually on extensor surface and scalp
Psoriasis
200
+ munro microabcess
+ auspitz sign
Psoriasis
Munro - collection of neutrophil in S. Corneum
Auspitz sign - bleed when scale is picked off
201
Autoimmune destruction of desmosomes between keratinocytes
Pemphigus vulgaris
202
Autoimmune destruction of hemidesmosomes between basal cells and the underlying basement membrane
Bullous pemphigoid
203
Due to IgG antibody againts basement membrane collagen
Tense bullae do not rupture easily
Bullous pemphigoid
204
Autoimmune deposition of IgA at the tips of dermal papillae
Pruritic vesivles and bullae that are grouped (herpetiform)
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
205
Hypersensitivity reaction characterized by TARGELOID RASH (central epidermal necrosis surrounded by erythema) and bullae
Erythema multiforme
206
Severe form of SJS characterized by diffuse sloughting of skin, resembling a large burn; most often due to adverse drug reaction
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
207
Raised, discolored plaques on the extremities or face; often has a COIN-LIKE waxy stuck on appearance
Seborrheic keratosis
208
Sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses and suggests underlying GI CARCINOMA
Leser-Trelat sign
209
Epidermal hyperplasia with darkening of the skin (velvet like skin) often involes the axilla or groin
Acanthosis nigricans
210
Most common cutaneous malignancy
Basal cell carcinoma
211
Elevated nodule with central, ulcerated crated surrounded by dilated (telangiectatic) vessels
"Pink, pearl-like papule" --- UPPER LIP
Basal cells with peripheral PALISADING
Basal cell carcinoma
212
Ulcerated, nodular mass, usually on the face --- LOWER LIP
Squamous cell carcinoma
213
Precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma and presents as a hyperkeratotic, scaly plaque, often on the face, back or neck
Actinic keratosis
214
A well-differntiated squamous cell carcinoma that develops rapidly and regress spontaneously; presents as a cup-shaped tumor filled with keratin debris
Keratoacanthoma
215
Most common mole in children
Begins as nests of melanocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction
Junctional nevus
216
Most common mole in adults
Intradermal nevus
217
Nevus precursor to melanoma
Dysplastic nevus
218
Most common cause of death from skin cancer
Melanoma
219
Most important prognostic factor in predicting metastasis
Depth of extension
(According to Breslow thickness)
220
Erythematous macules that progress to pustules, usually on the face; rupture of pustules results in erosion and dry, crusted, honey-colored serum
Impetigo
221
Red, tender, swollen rash with fever
Due to S. Aureus or S. Pyogenes
Cellulitis
222
Sloughing of skin with erythematous rash and fever leads to significant skin loss
Due to S. Aureus infection, Exfoliative A and B toxins results in epidermolysis of stratum granulosum
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
223
Flesh colored papules with rough surface due to HPV infection of keratinocytes --- KOILOCYTIC CHANGE
Verruca (Wart)
224
Firm, pink, UMBILICATED papules due to Pox virus
Cytoplasmic inclusions
Molluscum contangiosum
