Pathology

Question 1

Where are sarcomas most commonly found?

Answer 1

Extremities

Question 2

Orphan Annie nuclei?

How does this cancer metastasise?

Answer 2

Papillary carcinoma

Lymphatic metastasis

Question 3

Which thyroid cancer metastasises via haematogenous route?

Where may presenting lesion be?

Answer 3

Follicular

Skull lesion can be presenting lesion

Question 4

Rash of breast affecting nipple first, then spreading to areolar region?
How to diagnose?
What cancer is this linked to?

Answer 4

Pagets disease of breast
Punch biopsy

Invasive ductal carcinoma?

Question 5

What liver pathology is OCP linked to?

On USS it is mixed echoey and heterogenous

Answer 5

Liver cell adenoma

Question 6

Malignant HTN necrosis pattern?

Answer 6

Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 7

Carcinoid tumour - tumour marker in blood vs urine?

Answer 7

Chromogranin A

Urine = 5-HIAA

Question 8

Desmoid tumours - what cells make them up and what bowel condition are the associated with?

Answer 8

Myofibroblasts

FAP

Question 9

Achondroplasia - what is it + inheritance genetic pattern

Answer 9

Dwarfism

Autosomal dominant

Question 10

BPH - which lobe?

Prostate carcinoma - which lobe?

Answer 10

Median lobe

Posterior

Question 11

What is trotters triad - what does it diagnose?

Answer 11

Unilateral conductive hearing loss
Ipsilateral facial / ear pain
Ipsilateral paralysis of soft palate

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV

Question 12

Reed Sternberg cells?

Answer 12

Hodgkins lymphoma

Question 13

Triad of symptoms for fat embolism?

Answer 13

Respiratory, neurological and skin rash

Question 14

Commonest extra-colonic manifestation of FAP?

Answer 14

Duodenal polyps

Question 15

Thyroglossal cyst vs dermoid must on imaging?

Answer 15

Thyroglossal = Thin walled and anechoic

Dermoid = Multiloculated and heterogenous

Question 16

Tuberous sclerosis - which renal cancer is it associated with?

Answer 16

Angiomyolipoma

Question 17

Which liver tumour linked to PVC?

Answer 17

Angiosarcoma

Question 18

Works with sheep, liver mass and eosinophilia?

Answer 18

Hydatid cyst

Question 19

Medullary thyroid carcinoma = which syndrome?

Answer 19

MEN 2

Question 20

Medullary carcinoma follow up blood marker?

Answer 20

Calcitonin

Question 21

Subdural vs extradural blood vessel?

Answer 21

Subdural = Anterior and middle cerebral 
Extradural = middle meningeal

Question 22

Testicular tumour with normal markers?

Answer 22

Seminoma

Question 23

Medial ureter displacement?

Answer 23

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 24

Origin of 90% of pancreatic carcinomas?

Answer 24

Adenocarcinoma = ductular epithelium

Question 25

Phaeo trust?

Answer 25

Urinnary VMA, plasma metanephrine

Question 26

diarrhoea, weight loss of 10 Kg and a skin rash of erythematous blisters involving the abdomen and buttocks. The blisters have an irregular border and both intact and ruptured vesicles

Answer 26

Glucagonoma Specifically necrolytic migratory erythema

Question 27

Parotid malignancy with neural involvement?

Answer 27

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Question 28

10 year old boy who has learning difficulties, is reported as having a difference in size between his two legs

Answer 28

Neurofibromatosis 1 | Due to plexiform neuroma, attracts blood flow = one leg grows quicker

Question 29

Scar extending beyond limits?

Answer 29

Keloid scar

Question 30

Hx of chest infections and absent vas?

Answer 30

Cystic fibrosis | 99% of males with CF have absent vas

Question 31

Pathogenicity of TB?

Answer 31

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction against bacteria

Question 32

Hypersensitivity reactions - type and the mediators involved?

Answer 32

``` ACID EGG-T Type 1 Anaphylactic Type 2 Cytotoxic Type 3 Immune complex Type 4 Delayed type ``` EGG T (mediators) IgE IgG IgG T cells

Question 33

Pink renal tumour?

Answer 33

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 34

Pagets. vs nipple eczema?

Answer 34

``` Pagets = nipple only then may spread laterally to areolar Eczema = other way around ```

Question 35

Pathological change of aortic aneurysm?

Answer 35

Loss of elastic fibres from media

Question 36

Fever, RUQ pain and ill defined lesion?

Answer 36

Amoebic cyst

Question 37

Disorders associated with massive splenomegaly ?

Answer 37

``` Myelofibrosis Chronic myeloid leukaemia Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) Malaria Gaucher's syndrome ```

Question 38

Main reason for hypoxia in ARDS?

Answer 38

Reduced diffusion due to fluid overload

Question 39

Which breast cancer = microcalcifications?

Answer 39

Comedo type DCIS

Question 40

What is an annular pancreas?

Answer 40

Where the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue = obstruction

Question 41

Asteroid bodies?

Answer 41

Sarcoidosis

Question 42

Brown tumours are associated with which condition?

Answer 42

Conditions resulting in excess osteoclastic activity = HyperPTH

Question 43

Which amino acid is in all types of collagen?

Answer 43

Glycine

Question 44

Thyroid specimen with oxyphil cells and scanty thyroid colloid?

Answer 44

Hurthles cell tumour = variant of thyroid follicular cell tumour

Question 45

Merkel cell tumour - what is it and the histology?

Answer 45

Skin tumour of intra-epidermal Merkel cells consist of sheets and nodules of small hyperchromatic epithelial cells with high rates of mitosis and apoptosis

Question 46

What will histological analysis of a carotid body tumour show?

Answer 46

Paraganglionoma

Question 47

Which cancers metastasis to para-aortic nodes early?

Answer 47

Ovarian Uterine Testicular

Question 48

Which tumours are associated with fibromatosis?

Answer 48

Dermoid tumours

Question 49

Facial lump with biphasic appearance and mutinous tissue?

Answer 49

Pleomorphic adenoma | Has mixed stromal and epithelial parts

Question 50

Psammoma bodies?

Answer 50

Papillary carcinoma | These bodies = areas of calcification

Question 51

CT scan of liver shows floating membrane?

Answer 51

Hydatid cyst

Question 52

Complications of VSD's?

Answer 52

Eisenmengers Aortic regurgitation RHF Infective endocarditis

Question 53

Cystic medial necrosis?

Answer 53

Marfans

Question 54

Notching of ribs on CXR + murmur?

Answer 54

Coarctation of aorta | Notching due to increased flow through intercostals

Question 55

Which Bonne disease can complicate pagets

Answer 55

Osteosarcoma