Pathology

Question 1

Positive/upregulated acute phase reactants

Answer 1

Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Hepcidin

Question 2

Negative acute phase reactants

Answer 2

Albumin (hypoalbuminemia)
Prealbumin or transthyretin
Transferrin

Question 3

What interleukin that would increase in acute phase reactants?

Answer 3

Interleukin-6

Tx: Tocilizumab- targets IL-6

Question 4

Acute phase reactants

Mnemonics: More FFiSH in the C(sea)

Answer 4

Ferritin
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Hepcidin
CRP

Question 5

Loss of the function of the tumor suppressor gene RB (Retinoblastoma)

Answer 5

Osteocarcoma

• RB - tumor suppressor gene a.k.a Governor of the cell cycle
• p53- Guardian of the genome

Question 6

Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcifications

Answer 6

PSaMMOMa bodies

Papillary
Somatostinoma
Malignant Mesothelioma
Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
ProlactinoMa (Milk)

Question 7

2 types of calcifications

Answer 7

1. Metastatic - metabolic; INCREASE calcium that would deposit in NORMAL tissues
2. Dystrophic - ABNORMAL tissues, Normal Calcium levels

Question 8

Keratin pearls

Answer 8

Squamous cell carcinoma

• purple dots = nuclei

Question 9

Present in areas of CNS damage and can be seen with enlarged vesicular nuclei and conspicuous eosinophilic cytoplasm. These type of cells hypertrophy and undergoes hyperplasia and culminates in tissue gliosis

Answer 9

Gemistocytic astrocytes

Question 10

Smudge cells are present in

Answer 10

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

*Smudge cells are fragile cells

Question 11

Differentiate lymphocyte from a blast cell

Answer 11

Lymphocyte - RBC beside the lympho should be roughly the same size as the nucleus of the lympho

Blast cell- bigger than the RBC

Question 12

Cells with Bundles of Auer Rods

Answer 12

Faggot cells

*Seen in M3/ Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)

Question 13

Decrease in platelets, decrease in the consumption of coagulation factors

Answer 13

DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy)/ Consumptive Coagulopathy

Question 14

Drug used to treat M3 APML

Answer 14

1. ATRA - vit. A derivative- further the differentiation of abnormal cells
2. ATO- arsenic trioxide

M3 associated with translocation t(15;17)

Question 15

Translocation in CML

Answer 15

t(9;22)

*Philadelphia Chromosome

Question 16

Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt (Cyanotic)

Answer 16

5 T’s

Truncus arteriosus - 1 vessel
Transposition of great arteries - 2 vessels
Tricuspid atresia - 3 vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot - 4 characteristics
TAPVR - 5 letters (snowman in Xray)

Question 17

ALS is characterized by

Answer 17

Upper and lower motor neuron disease

*degeneration of the upper motor neuron that results in loss of myelinated fibers in the corticospinal tract

Question 18

PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions seen in ALS

Answer 18

Bunina bodies

Question 19

Ulcerative colitis (Inflammatory bowel dse) - presents with GI manifestations. Often manifests with extraintestinal manifestations which are:

Answer 19

Polyarthritis
Uveitis and Episcleritis
Sacroilitis- HLA B27 positive conditions
Pyoderma gangrenosum

*UC- increased risk of malignancy

Question 20

Primary biliary cirrhosis is related to

Answer 20

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 21

“Beads on a string”

Answer 21

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Question 22

Increased total PSA with decreased fraction of free PSA suggest:

Answer 22

Prostate Carcinoma

Question 23

Proportionate increase in the PSA with the free PSA

Answer 23

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

Question 24

Most common STD

Answer 24

Chlamydia infection

Question 25

Endometrial Ca has 2 main types (type 1 and type 2)

Answer 25

``` Type 1- Better prognosis Prolonged estrogen stimulation Resemble normal endometrium Associated with obesity More common ```

Question 26

Meigs syndrome triad

Answer 26

> Ovarian mass- ovarian Fibroma (benign) > Ascites > Hydrothorax (pleural effusion)

Question 27

Pancreas with Islet amyloid polypeptides or AMYLIN seen in

Answer 27

Type II Diabetes *Type I- autoimmune destruction

Question 28

Atherosclerosis is most commonly present in:

Answer 28

Abdominal aorta *Abdominal aorta > Coronary > Popliteal > Carotid ((ACPC))

Question 29

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome is characterized as:

Answer 29

Esophageal varices Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)- chronic blood loss Dysphagia ((DIE))

Question 30

Plummer-vinson sydrome is usually associated with:

Answer 30

Glossitis and increased risk of esophageall SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Question 31

Increased ratio of AST to ALT is characteristic finding of:

Answer 31

Alcoholic liver disease *AST/ALT (Transaminases) >1000 Ddx: 1. Viral hepatitis 2. Ischemic hepatitis 3. Drug induced hepatitis * When AST is higher than ALT (>2:1) - suggestive of alcoholic liver dse/ALD * >3:1 - highly suggestive of ALD

Question 32

Presence of this antibody in pregnant women increases the risk of NB in developing neonatal lupus

Answer 32

Anti-SSA *neonatal lupus presents with congenital heart block

Question 33

Presence of this antibody seen in drug-induced lupus

Answer 33

Anti-Histone

Question 34

Drugs associated with lupus-like syndrome

Answer 34

> Isoniazid > Procainamide- anti arrhythmic > Hydralazine

Question 35

What antibody is specific for Lupus

Answer 35

Anti-dsDNA - correlated with disease activity Anti-Smith ANA- screening test

Question 36

Alzheimer dse is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Which altered proteins is associated with INCREASED risk of sporadic forms

Answer 36

ApoE-4 * ApoE-2 - DECREASED risk of sporadic form * Presenelin 1,2 and Amlyloid polypeptide - familiar forms with early onset

Question 37

Seen in Alzheimer disease

Answer 37

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles | PLAQUES & TANGLES

Question 38

Translocation in M3/ APML

Answer 38

t(15;17)