Pathology

Question 1

what lines the auditory meatus and the external ear canal?

Answer 1

stratified squamous epithelium

continuous with skin

Question 2

what does the dermis of the external ear canal contain?

Answer 2

hair follicles
sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands

Question 3

what lines the middle ear?

Answer 3

columnar mucosa

Question 4

what lines the nasal vestibule?

Answer 4

squamous epithelium

continuous with the skin

Question 5

what type of gland are the salivary glands?

Answer 5

exocrine

Question 6

what are the three major salivary glands?

Answer 6

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 7

what epithelium lines the ducts of the salivary glands?

Answer 7

columnar/cuboidal epithelium

Question 8

what is otitis media?

Answer 8

inflammation of the middle ear

Question 9

who most commonly gets otitis media?

Answer 9

children

Question 10

what is the usual aetiology behind otitis media?

Answer 10

viral

Question 11

what are some more common causes of acute bacterial otitis media?

Answer 11

strep pneumoniae
h influenzae
moraxella catarrhalis

Question 12

what are some possible causes of chronic otitis media?

Answer 12

pseudomonas aeruginosa
staph aureus
fungi

Question 13

what causes acquired cholesteatoma?

Answer 13

chronic otitis media and a perforated tympanic membrane

Question 14

what causes congenital cholesteatoma?

Answer 14

proliferation of embryonic rest

Question 15

what can be seen in the ear in cholesteatoma?

Answer 15

a pearly white mass in the middle ear

Question 16

what is seen on histology of cholesteatoma?

Answer 16

squamous epithelium
abundant keratin production
associated inflammation

Question 17

what is the most common type of ENT tumour?

Answer 17

squamous cell carcinomas

Question 18

what is vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 18

tumour of the vestibular portion of CN VIII

Question 19

where is a vestibular schwannoma found?

Answer 19

within the temporal bone

Question 20

if a young patient has bilateral vestibular schwannoma what should be considered?

Answer 20

neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 21

what causes vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 21

unknown
often sporadic
may be linked to loud noise exposure

Question 22

what are the two growth patterns seen in vestibular schwannoma?

Answer 22

antoni A

antoni B

Question 23

what is another name for allergic rhinitis?

Answer 23

hay fever

Question 24

who are nasal polyps not commonly seen in?

Answer 24

children

Question 25

if a young person has nasal polyps, what should be considered?

Answer 25

cystic fibrosis

Question 26

what epithelium lines nasal polyps?

Answer 26

respiratory or squamous epithelium

Question 27

what is GPA?

Answer 27

an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause

Question 28

what characterises GPA?

Answer 28

small vessel vasculitis and necrosis, usually limited to the resp tract and kidneys

Question 29

what age group gets GPA/

Answer 29

>40's

Question 30

how does GPA preent?

Answer 30

respiratory symptoms renal disease nasal symptoms

Question 31

what antibody is seen in GPA?

Answer 31

ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody)

Question 32

if cANCA is seen, what vasculitis is it?

Answer 32

GPA

Question 33

if pANCA is seen, what vasculitis is it?

Answer 33

microscopic polyangiitis

Question 34

what are three possible benign nasal tumours?

Answer 34

squamous cell papilloma sinonasal papilloma angiofibroma

Question 35

what are five possible malignant nasal tumours?

Answer 35

``` SCC adenocarcinoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma neuroblastoma lymphoma ```

Question 36

what are the three types of sinonasal papilloma?

Answer 36

inverted exophytic oncocytic

Question 37

who usually gets sinonasal papilloma?

Answer 37

over 50's | more common in males

Question 38

what are two risk factors for sinonasal papilloma?

Answer 38

HPV | organic solvents

Question 39

how does sinonasal papilloma present?

Answer 39

blocked nose

Question 40

where do inverted and oncocytic sinonasal papillomas affect?

Answer 40

the lateral walls of the nose and the paranasal sinuses

Question 41

where do exophytic sinonasal papillomas affect?

Answer 41

the nasal septum

Question 42

who is more commonly affected by nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 42

males | more common in the middle east

Question 43

what are two strong risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 43

EBV | volatile nitrosamines in food

Question 44

what are the three types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 44

keratinising non keratinising baseloid

Question 45

what causes a laryngeal polyp or nodule?

Answer 45

a reactive change in the laryngeal mucosa secondary to trauma (vocal abuse, infection, smoking)

Question 46

what are laryngeal polyps and nodules rarely associated with?

Answer 46

hypothyroidism

Question 47

what is a contact ulcer?

Answer 47

a benign response to injury on the posterior vocal cord

Question 48

name four examples of things that can cause a contact ulcer

Answer 48

chronic throat clearing vocal abuse GORD intubation

Question 49

what are the two peaks of incidence of laryngeal squamous cell papilloma?

Answer 49

<5 | 20-40

Question 50

what is laryngeal squamous cell papilloma related to?

Answer 50

HPV types 6 and 11

Question 51

what is a paraganglioma?

Answer 51

a tumour arising form clusters of neuroendocrine cells in the body

Question 52

what is sialolithiasis?

Answer 52

stones in the salivary gland

Question 53

what is the most common site for a salivary gland tumour?

Answer 53

parotid gland

Question 54

what is the most common salivary gland tumour?

Answer 54

pleomorphic adenoma