Pathology and Circulatory

Question 1

Lack of circulation to a tissue results in a condition called?

Answer 1

Ischemia

Question 2

Lack of oxygen to a tissue results in a condition called?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Question 3

An increase in cell size, not number is called?

Answer 3

Hypertrophy

Question 4

Cell shrinkage or loss can be caused by lack of hormonal signals, loss of innervation, lack of use or blood supply, or blood supply and is called?

Answer 4

Atrophy

Question 5

Fatty atrophy is also referred to as?

Answer 5

Cachexia

Question 6

Increased number of cells is called?

Answer 6

Hyperplasia

Question 7

Replacement of one cell type by another is called?

Answer 7

Metaplasia

Question 8

Disordered hyperplasia without maturation is called?

Answer 8

Dysplasia

Question 9

What are two types of cells that are most prone to injury?

Answer 9

1-High metabolic activity (cardiac myocytes, renal tubular cells, hepatocytes)
2-Rapidly proliferating (testicular germ cells, intestinal epithelium, hematopoietic cells)

Question 10

What are two types of irreversible cell death?

Answer 10

1-Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

2-Necrosis (uncontrolled cell death)

Question 11

What cascade pathway is the most common lead to apoptosis?

Answer 11

Caspase cascade

Question 12

Swelling cells with membrane disruption, Ca+ signal, deeper red cytoplasm (loss of mRNA) and cells in clusters are typical of what type of cell death?

Answer 12

Necrosis

*Gangrene is an example when it is in a whole anatomic area

Question 13

What are three possible nuclear changes in cell death?

Answer 13

1-Karyolysis (digested, pale nucleus)
2-Nuclear pyknosis (Shriveled, dark)
3-Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)

Question 14

What are 6 patterns of necrosis?

Answer 14

1-Coagulative (with ischemia, makes infarct)
2-Liquefactive (loss of substance as in brain or lung)
3-Fat necrosis
4-Caseous necrosis (necrotizing granulomas)
5-Gangrnous necrosis (whole anatomic area)
6-FIbrinoid necrosis

Question 15

Always pathogenic, acute inflammation, large groups of dying cells, cell swelling, early cell membrane disruption and injury induced uncoordinated death is typical of what?

Answer 15

Necrosis

Question 16

A normal phenomenon, what process has no inflammation, usually one cell at a time, nuclear pyknosis, activation of caspase cascade and is programmed?

Answer 16

Apoptosis

Question 17

Lipid filled macrophages, called foam cells can lead to what?

Answer 17

Cholesterolosis of gall bladder

Question 18

Lysosomal accumulation of lipid is called what?

Answer 18

Gaucher disease

Question 19

What are 3 types of brown storage products?

Answer 19

1-Lipofuscin (degraded lipid in lysosomes)
2-Billirubin (hemoglobin byproduct)
3-Hemosiderin (iron containing)

Question 20

What are two types of intracellular protein storage?

Answer 20

1-a-antitrypsin deficiency

2-Russell bodies in plasma cells (large deposits of immunoglobulin in plasma cell cytoplasm)

Question 21

What are two types of extracellular protein storage?

Answer 21

1-Amyloid (beta pleated sheet protein accumulation)

2-Fibrosis (scars)

Question 22

Mostly in and near lungs, accumulation of carbon pigment is called what?

Answer 22

Anthracosis

*coal workers lung

Question 23

What are the two types of calcification?

Answer 23

1-Dystrophic calcification (damaged tissue)

2-Metastatic calcification (normal tissue)

Question 24

What are the three kinds of effusion (too much fluid in body cavity)?

Answer 24

1-Ascites (fluid in peritoneal space)
2-Pleural effusion (fluid in the pleural space)
3-Hydrocephalus (excess cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 25

What are three causes of dependent edema which is fluid accumulating in the lower part of the body?

Answer 25

1-Hormonal fluid retention 2-Heart Failure 3-Inflammation *pitting edema

Question 26

When a large clot forms somewhere in the body and becomes stuck in the main pulmonary arteries it is called?

Answer 26

Pulmonary Thromboembolus

Question 27

What are 3 common causes of hypotension and shock?

Answer 27

1-Hypovolemic (low blood volume, pale, cool skin) 2-Cardiogenic (heart failure, pale, cool skin) 3-Septic shock (overhwleming infection, febrile, flushed)

Question 28

What are two dysfunctions of the heart that lead to congestive heart failure?

Answer 28

1-Systolic dysfunction (decreased myocardial contractility) | 2-Diastolic dysfunction (insufficient expansion)

Question 29

What are 7 ways the body compensates for Congestive Heart failure?

Answer 29

1-Tachycardia 2-Frank-starling (increase end diastolic volume) 3-Myocardial hypertrophy 4-Catecholamines 5-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 6-Adrenergic redistribution 7-Increase oxygen extraction from hemoglobin

Question 30

Which side heart failure is characterized by ischemic heart disease, hypertension, aortic and mitral valve disease and myocardial disease such as cardiomyopathy or myocarditis?

Answer 30

Left-sided heart failure *reduced blood perfusion to organs such as kidneys

Question 31

What does dyspnea mean?

Answer 31

Breathlessness

Question 32

What quickly developing state is due to vascular congestion and makes it hard to breathe while laying down?

Answer 32

Orthopnea *paraxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is extreme dyspnea

Question 33

What shows up on a chest X-ray of someone with septal pulmonary edema?

Answer 33

kerley B lines

Question 34

What condition is a consequence of left-sided heart failure and is also called cor pulmonale?

Answer 34

Right Sided heart failure

Question 35

What are 7 systemic effects of Right sided heart failure?

Answer 35

``` 1-Liver (chronic passive congestion) 2-Spleen (congestive splenomegaly) 3-Kidneys (congestion and hypoxia) 4-Subcutaneous (peripheral edema) 5-Plerual effusion 6-Brain (venous congestion and hypoxia) 7-Portal (ascites) ```