Intro to Nervous System

Question 1

What are three types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

1-Inhibitory (GABA)
2-Excitatory (Glutamate)
3-Both (Acetylcholine or Serotonin)

Question 2

What are the two was neurotransmitters interact?

Answer 2

1-Direct Action (binds and opens-rapid response)

2-Indirect Action (second messengers, G proteins-Longer lasting/slow onset)

Question 3

What are the two types of membrane channels?

Answer 3

1-Voltage gated (opens in response to voltage)

2-Ligan-gated/ionotropic (binding of ligand opens)

Question 4

What type of channels are not directly linked to ion channels, initiate biochemical processes and modify responsiveness of the neuron?

Answer 4

Metabotropic

Question 5

What are the two types of metabotropic receptors?

Answer 5

1) Membrane-delimited

2) Diffusible second messengers

Question 6

A receptor on an axon terminal that is affected by a neurotransmitter produced by the same cell is called?

Answer 6

Autoreceptor

*D2 receptor with dopamine is an example

Question 7

A receptor on an axon terminal that is affected by a neurotransmitter from another neuronal cell type is called?

Answer 7

Heteroreceptor

*Like Dopamine acting on a serotonin neuron

Question 8

What are the 3 main catecholamines?

Answer 8

1-Dopamine
2-Norepinephrine
3-Epinephrine

Question 9

What amino acid is the precursor for dopamine?

Answer 9

Tyrosine

Question 10

Which enzyme converts tyrosine to dopa?

Answer 10

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 11

Dopa is converted by what to make Dopamine?

Answer 11

Aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase (AADC)

Question 12

Which transporter takes up dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and epinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 12

Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT)

Question 13

Which auto receptor binds dopamine?

Answer 13

D2

*decreases dopamine release and tyrosine hydroxylase activity

Question 14

Which enzyme metabolizes Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine/epinephrine?

Answer 14

Monoamine oxidase

Question 15

Which enzyme converts DA to Norepinephrine?

Answer 15

Dopamine Beta Hydroxyslase

Question 16

What two kinds of receptors does NE bind to post synaptically?

Answer 16

Alpha and Beta receptors

Question 17

Which auto receptor is bound by NE?

Answer 17

Alpha 2

Question 18

Which enzyme catalyzed the conversion of Norepinephrine to Epinephrine?

Answer 18

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

Question 19

T or F, Serotonin is a catecholamine?

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

What is the amino acid precursor for Serotonin?

Answer 20

Tryptophan

Question 21

Which enzyme converts Trytophan to 5 Hydroxy tryptophan?

Answer 21

Tryptophan Hydroxylase

Question 22

Which enzyme converts 5 Hydroxy tryptophan to 5 Hydroxy tryptam ine (serotonin)?

Answer 22

Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC)

Question 23

What is the precursor for Acetylcholine?

Answer 23

Choline

Question 24

What combines with choline to be converted to acetylcholine by choline acetyl transferase?

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA

Question 25

What Metabolizes acetylcholine outside of the neuron?

Answer 25

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 26

What type of presynaptic receptor does acetylcholine act on?

Answer 26

Muscarinic receptor *This is an autoreceptor

Question 27

What are two important Amino Acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 27

- GABA (Inhibitory) | - Glutamate (Excitatory)

Question 28

What is the precursor for Glutamate that is converted by amino transferase?

Answer 28

Alpha Keto-Glutarate

Question 29

What are the 3 post synaptic receptors that Glutamate binds after being released?

Answer 29

1-NMDA 2-AMPA 3-Kainate

Question 30

As part of Glutamate regulation, what enzyme converts it to Glutamine in astrocytes?

Answer 30

Glutamine Synthetase

Question 31

Which enzyme converts Glutamine from astrocyte cells back to glutamate in neurons?

Answer 31

Glutaminase

Question 32

Which enzyme converts Glutamate to GABA?

Answer 32

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) *GABA=Gamma aminobutyric acid

Question 33

What is GABA degraded to in astrocytes?

Answer 33

Succinate

Question 34

What are two post synaptic receptors that GABA binds?

Answer 34

1-GABA-A | 2-GABA-B

Question 35

What three things do most neurotransmitters do?

Answer 35

1-Bind post synaptic receptors 2-Bind Autoreceptors 3-Be taken up again to be metabolized or used again

Question 36

What are 5 other substances that act on the brain?

Answer 36

``` 1-Histamine 2-Endorphins 3-Neuropeptides 4-Endocannabinoids 5-Nitric Oxide ```

Question 37

Which receptor does Histamine act on?

Answer 37

H3 *functions as an inhibitory heteroreceptor

Question 38

What do endorphins acting on u opiod receptors do?

Answer 38

Activated opiate receptor lead to decrease GABA release *Less GABA release results in increase Dopamine release

Question 39

What are the two main things Nitric Oxide does?

Answer 39

1-Gaseous signaling molecule 2-Relax vascular smooth muscle *CNS role may be controversial

Question 40

What protein transports Glutamate into vesicles?

Answer 40

Glutamate transporter