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VMS 2003 > Pathology of the Alimentary Tract III > Flashcards

Pathology of the Alimentary Tract III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Intestine stenosis?

A

intestine contains areas of blockage that prevents food moving through

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2
Q

What is intestinal atresia?

A

Intestine is closed or absent

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3
Q

What is megacolon?

A

abnormal dilation of the colon

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4
Q

What is Aganglionosis?

A

a blockage of the large intestine due to improper muscle movement in the bowel.

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5
Q

What can cause intestinal stenosis?

A

Compression via granulomas, abscesses, tumours

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6
Q

What is atresia coli?

A

colon is occluded

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7
Q

What is atresia ani?

A

anus is occluded

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8
Q

what is segmental atresia?

A

a segment of the bowel is either entirely missing or completely occluded due to a lack of epithelila development

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9
Q

What are the general causes of atresia?

A

malpositioning of the foetus, mechanical lesion to the vessel in a portion of the gut , vascular accidents

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10
Q

What is the usual cause of congenital megacolon?

A

A developmental lack of ganglion cells due to the myenteric plexus

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11
Q

What is the usual cause of acquired megacolon?

A

Can be secondary to atresia ani
* damage to the colonic innervation

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12
Q

What is the cause of agangliosis?

A

Congenital absence of ganglion
cells from the myenteric
(Auerbach’s) plexus or
submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

more common in overo foals

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13
Q

What can cause generalised obstruction and impaction?

A
  • foreign bodies
  • copper/ zinc toxicosis
  • lead (common in cows ingesting batteries)
  • linear foreign bodies
    *
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14
Q

What three things can cause heavy impactions in horses?

A
  • heavy ascarid infections (ascardid is a parasite)
  • poor dentition (diets with high roughage)
  • ingested sand accumulating in the colon
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15
Q

What can cause narrowing of the intestinal lumen in horses?

A

can occur from fibrosis

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16
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

One segment of intestine becomes telescoped into the immediately distal segment of the intestine

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17
Q

What are the consequences of intestinal obstruction and impaction?

A

Death from -
* Toxemia
* Starvation
* Dehydration and emaciation
Gross lesions
* distended abdomen
* dilated bowel
* perforation

18
Q

What is the Intussuscipiens and Intussusceptum?

A

the *trapping *segment and the trapped segment

19
Q

What does causes Intussusception

A
  • altered mobility/ peristalsis
  • peritonitis/enteritis
  • foreign bodies/ masses
  • idiopathic
20
Q

What is an Eventration?

A

protrusion of the intestine through the abdominal wall or diaphragm

21
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Twisting of the intestine along its mesenteric axis

22
Q

What is a torsion?

A

rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis

23
Q

How does strangulation by pedunculated lipomas occur?

A

Pedunculated lipomas wrap around the intestinal mesentry or the bowel
they may rotate around their pedicle

usually in horses

24
Q

What is an internal herniation?

A

Formed through a normal or pathological foramen in the abdominal cavity

  • e.g the Foramen of Winslow which is between the greater peritoneal sac
25
Q

What is an external herniation?

A

a hernial sac (formed by a pouch of parietal peritoneum) which penetrates outside of the abdominal cavity

26
Q

What can intestinal displacements lead to?

A

incarceration, obstruction, and ischemic necrosis

27
Q

What causes non-inflammatory diarrhoea?

A
  • pathogens disrupt the absorptive or secretory mechanisms of the enterocytes
  • No cell lysis
  • this usually effects more proximal portions of the bowel
28
Q

What causes inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

Pathogens producing cytotoxins or are invasive and then activate cytokines that initiate inflammatory cascades
generally effects the ileum, caecum or colon

29
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of inflammation of the intestine?

A
  1. Malabsorption
  2. Chloride hypersecretion
  3. Exudation
  4. Hypermotility
  5. Cell damage and death
30
Q

What are the 5 types of exudate caused by inflammation of the intestine?

A
  • Atrophic/ Necrotic
  • Ulcerative
  • Lymphoplasmacytic
  • Granulomatous
  • Proliferative
31
Q

What is the consequence of rotavirus?

A

Villous atrophy of enterocytes leading to diarrhoea

32
Q

What in dogs and cats causes intestinal lesions?

A

Dogs- parvovirosis
Cats- Panleukopaenia

33
Q

What does clostridial enterotoxaemia cause in healthy animals?

A

necrotising/ haemorrhagic enterocolitis and toxaemia
sudden death in well-nourished animals

34
Q

How does lymphoplasmacytic enteritis occur?

causes inflammatory bowel disease

A

Infiltrates in the lamina propria
villous atrophy and epithelial necrosis, crypt dilation
can then evolve to a lymphoma

35
Q

What causes Johnes’ disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium
this is a granulomatous inflammation in lamina propria, causes chronic wasting and diarrhoea

36
Q

What does salmonelliosis cause?

A

Bacterial toxins -> Button ulcers

37
Q

What causes proliferative enteritis in pigs?

A
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Hyperplasia of enterocytes, resulting in distortion of the normal architecture
  • bacteria are present in the apical cytoplasm of the enterocytes
38
Q

What are some examples of epithelial tumours found in the intestine?

A

Polyps, adenomas, adenocarcinomas,

39
Q

Where do leimyomas and leiomyosarcomas arise from?

A

They arise from the tunica muscularis

40
Q

Where do GISTS (gastrointestinal stromal tumours) arise from?

A

They arise from interstitial cells of cajal
* they are primarily found in dogs and horses

41
Q

Where can visceral mast cell tumours be seen?

A

can be seen in the alimentary system, mostly in cats but also in dogs

VMS 2003 (22 decks)

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