Pathophysiology of Aging

Question 1

Process that occurs in the lifespan of every creature. Involved every molecule, cell, and organ in the body.

Answer 1

Aging

Question 2

Any cells forming from the body of an organism, as opposed to germline cells. Have a finite replicative capacity

Answer 2

Somatic Cells

Question 3

Progressive deterioration of many bodily functions over time producing negative factors with age.

Answer 3

Senescence

Question 4

Genetic material based cells that can be passed down to a child

Answer 4

Germ Cells

Question 5

Aging of the Heart

Answer 5

• Heart Tissue thickens
• Maximal O2 consumption decreases by 10% in men and 7.5% in women
• Decline in O2 consumption occurs because of the heart’s pumping rate and the body’s O2 extraction capability decreases with time

Question 6

Aging of the Arteries

Answer 6

• Arteries stiffen
• Moving the blood through inelastic arteries required the heart to pump blood with more force
• Greater stress placed on the heart

Question 7

Aging of the Bones

Answer 7

Young: Bone mineral is lost and replaced in the body

• Age 35,: Bone mineral loss > replacement
• Menopause: Bone mineral loss&raquo_space; Replacement

Question 8

Suspected factor in women that contributes to greater osteoporotic rate?

Answer 8

Estrogen

Question 9

How to treat osteoporosis?

Answer 9

• 1,200 Calcium/Vit D

- Exercise

Question 10

Pathophysio of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 10

Synovium becomes inflammed and produces excess fluid.

Later on, the cartilage becomes rough and pitted.

Question 11

Pathophysio of Osteoarthritis

Answer 11

Hypertrophy and spurring of bone and erosion of cartilage

Question 12

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 12

• Progressive Brain Dz
• Memory Impairment
• Accumulation of the beta-amyloid protein, which leads to nerve cell death
• Inflammation has been implicated and oxidative stress

Question 13

Aging of the Lungs

Answer 13

Maximum Breathing declines 40% between ages 20 and 70

Question 14

Aging of the Kidneys

Answer 14

Kidneys remove less waste from the blood when they are older

Question 15

Aging of the Bladder

Answer 15

Bladder capacity declines

Question 16

Age-relaed loss of muscle mass, strength and function.

Answer 16

Sarcopenia

Question 17

What does sarcopenia cause?

Answer 17

• Physical Disability
• Loss of independence
• Mortality
• Impaired QoL

Question 18

What are some factors that can lead to sarcopenia? (Cellular level)

Answer 18

• Mitochondrial Mutations, Deletions, Dysfunction
• Impaired Autophagy
• Impaired DNA
• Impaired RNA
• Impaired Protein and Lipid Repair Mechanisms
• Apoptosis
• Dysfunctional Iron Homeostasis

Question 19

Aging of the Muscle and Body Fat

Answer 19

• 65-70+ yo: Weight Decrease due to decreasing muscle tissue and body fat
• Intramuscular Fat Deposits Increase

Question 20

Aging of the Neuro System

Answer 20

• Decreased number of axons that connect neurons
• Motor neurons - 29% loss
• Ischemia
• Neurotoxins
• Apoptosis
• Parkinson’s

Question 21

What is the intervention for Parkinson’s Dz?

Answer 21

Strength Training

Question 22

Aging of the Eyes

Answer 22

• Age 40+: Focusing close up may become more difficult
• Age 50+: More susceptibility to glare, seeing low illumination levels, difficulty detecting objects in motion
• Age 70+: Decline in ability to distinguish fine details

Question 23

Aging of the Ears

Answer 23

• Listening to higher frequencies becomes difficult with age

- Declines faster in men than women

Question 24

Theories of Aging

Answer 24

1. Molecular - Telomeres
2. Molecular - Age Genes
3. Cellular - Free Radical/Mitochondrial
4. Cellular - Apoptosis
5. Cellular - Protein Aggregation
6. Cellular - Inflammation
7. System Theories - Immune function and Endocrine Function

Question 25

Telomere and Age Genes Theory of Aging

Answer 25

- Lengthening Telomeres may increase the Risk for Cancer - Telomere Shortening Reduces the Risk of Cancer ****THIS IS FROM THE PPT. THE HANDOUT SAYS SHORTENING CAN LEAD TO DEATH

Question 26

Cellular Theory of Aging

Answer 26

Aging is due to the cumulative effects of damage wrought by free radicals on the mitochondrial DNA and function

Question 27

Free Radical Theory of Aging

Answer 27

Chronic Exposure to oxidants during a life-span and oxidants cause oxidative stress. Oxidative Stress = Protein Damage; Lipid Damage; DNA Damage

Question 28

What are antioxidants used for?

Answer 28

- Counteract Formation of Free Radicals - Examples: Vitamin C and E, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Gluthione Peroxidase *** NO and H2O2 have important biological functions and are free radicals, we don't want to counteract this.

Question 29

Antioxidants have been shown to do what to the effects of physical exercise?

Answer 29

Prevent the beneficial health-promoting effects

Question 30

Inflammation Theory of Aging

Answer 30

- Based on evidence for increased levels of inflammation (cytokines) with age - Level of Inflammation is linked to free radical production

Question 31

Aging and Protein Aggregation

Answer 31

- Stressors leading to protein aggregation leads to non-functional cells - Stressors leading to damaged/defective proteins that are degraded properly allow for normally functioning cells

Question 32

Glycoxidation Theory of Aging

Answer 32

- Cooking of foods accelerate the Browning or Maillard Reaction - The toxic substances formed can lead to cellular dysfunction, mutations, and cancer

Question 33

Over the lifespan of the human it seems that ____________ increases to a greater extent with age in humans compared to monkeys.

Answer 33

Pentosindine (glycoxidation product)

Question 34

Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging

Answer 34

Hormones are vital for repairing and regulating our bodily functions, and when aging causes a drop in hormone production, it causes a decline in our body's ability to repair and regulate itself as well. Moreover hormone production is highly interactive. The drop in production of any one hormone is likely to have a feedback effect on the whole mechanism, signaling other organs to release lower levels of other hormones which will cause other body parts to release lower levels of yet other hormones.

Question 35

Immune System Theory of Aging

Answer 35

- B-cells grow in the bone marrow and one of their functions is secreting antibodies when they detect the presence of infectious agents or antigens - T-cells are produced by the thymus, which decreases in size as we age - Cytotoxic T-cells attack infected cells directly - T-cells that work properly tend to decrease in aging, even though the population of T-cells remains constant.

Question 36

A study shows that cognitive impairment before and after a sepsis episode...

Answer 36

Increases greatly!

Question 37

Anddddd all the science is over.

Answer 37

Have a blessed day!