Flashcards in PCCP 3 Deck (90)
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30
What are the activity and disengagement models of ageing?
Disengagement - its natural for the elderly to withdraw from the social system they belonged to
Activity - older people are happier if they maintain social interactions
31
How do families change for an old individual?
Empty nest syndrome
Grandparent hood
Importance of friendship as family disperses or spouse dies
32
What is the effect of retirement on the elderly?
Loss of latent rewards (satisfaction, friendship, social networks)
Financial worry
33
Is old age a period of stagnation?
No - it is a time of unanticipated change!
34
What are the 'social norms' regarding sexuality?
Men and women differ anatomically
Men act masculine
Women act feminine
Men like women and women like men
35
What are the different elements of sexual attraction?
Feelings
Identity
Behaviour
These may differ - e.g someone may sleep with the same sex (behaviour) but not identify as gay.
36
What is an emotion neutral way of phrasing questions about homosexual behaviour that doesn't broach on identity or feelings?
Have you :
Men who have had sex with men (mwm)
Women who have had sex with women (www)
37
What is a transgender individual?
Gender identity or expression not matching anatomical sex
38
What is a transexual individual?
Wishes to swap gender
39
What is a transvestite individual?
Wears cloths of the opposite sex
40
What diseases and behaviours are more prevalent in lgbt communities?
Anxiety, depression, smoking, drug use
Stds - syphilis, hiv, hpv
41
Why is depression more common in lgbt?
When is it particually marked?
Discrimination and isolation
When it conflicts with other major groups in the patients life, eg religion
42
Why may lgbt be wary of healthcare providers?
Lg Mental illness until 1992
Bt still a mental illness
Lobotomy practiced until 1980s
43
What are health related behaviours?
Behaviours that promote good health or increase risk of bad health
44
What broad groups of theories can be applied to health related behaviour?
Learning theories
Social cognition models
Stages of change model
45
What are the learning theories?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
46
What are the social cognition models?
Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour
47
Give some examples of classical conditioning applied to healthcare positively and negatively
Positive - disulfarim with alcohol
Negative - anticipatory nausea in chemo
48
Why might operant conditioning lead to unhealthy behaviours?
Unhealthy behaviours often have good immidiate rewards (unsafe sex, drinking, smoking etc.)
49
How might operant conditioning be beneficial in healthcare
Reward for good behaviour (e.g. Holiday with money that would have gone on smoking)
50
What is social learning theory? What class of models does it fall into?
Good and bad examples
Learning theories
Watching others be punished / rewarded for a behaviour and mimicking
Peer taught safe sex, good behaviour and dedication from athletes
Peers smoking or drinking
51
What are the social cognition models?
Health beliefs model
Theory of planned behaviour
52
What theory do social cognition models rely on?
Cognitive dissonance theory - discomfort in individuals when beliefs don't match reality
53
What is the health beliefs model?
What is its major error?
People make choices based on their beliefs about a threat (susceptabity and severity) and beliefs on how their behaviour will influence that threat (both costs and benefits)
It assumes all beliefs are made rationally with no emotions and there is no coercion
54
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
A combination of beliefs about outcomes, beliefs about normal behaviour and percieved control over behaviour are evaluated to form an intention and eventually a behaviour change
55
What is the major problem with the theory of planned behaviour
The intention behaviour gap - an intention wont necessarily cause a change in behaviour
56
What is the stages of change model?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
57
What happens during the stages of change model if someone drops back a stage or more?
Relapse - a normal phenomenon not failure!
58
Differentiate adherence and compliance
Compliance - pt following drs advice
Adherence - pts behaviours coinciding with medical advice via agreement and right to choose.
59
