PCR and Gel Electrophoresis Flashcards

1
Q

Name of the enzyme used in the process used to amplify the DNA in the small sample of blood taken from the crime scene.

A

Polymerase

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2
Q

Name of the process that could be used

to separate DNA fragments to create the profiles

A

Electrophoresis

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3
Q

How can you tell it is the suspect using DNA profiling?

A
  1. Suspect matches all of the bands in the sample.
  2. DNA profiling assumes every individual’s DNA is unique.
  3. Apart from identical twins.
  4. DNA profiling analyses the introns / noncoding
    blocks / STR / short tandem repeats.
  5. Non-coding DNA very variable.
  6. Large number of introns (non-coding blocks)
  7. Which can result in many combinations at each locus.
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4
Q

Explain why evidence from DNA profiles may not be absolutely conclusive.

A
  1. DNA profiling has many stages.
  2. Contamination can occurat any stage.
  3. Only a small proportion of DNA is analysed.
  4. Possibility of two identical profiles from
    unrelated individuals.
  5. Identical twins may show the same profile.
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5
Q

Suggest how DNA profiling could be useful to scientists who examine fossils of animals and plants.

A
1. Comparisons made between DNA from fossils and
other organisms.
2. To find genetic relationships.
3. Used in taxonomy.
4. To understand evolutionary lines.
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6
Q

Describe how gel electrophoresis can be used to analyse DNA.

A
  1. DNA sample, e.g. blood, saliva, semen ;
  2. Small samples of DNA can be
    amplified by PCR
  3. Use of restriction enzymes to
    break DNA ;
  4. reference to use of {electro potential /
    potential difference / eq} ;
  5. reference to {treatment / staining / eq} ;
  6. show up as {bands / bars / eq} ;
  7. reference to the {number of bands / eq} that
    match indicates similarity of the DNA ;
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7
Q

Suggest how DNA analysis could give further evidence for their conclusions that apes and humans are similar.

A
  1. to similarity (of DNA) indicates
    closeness of relationship ;
  2. because genes are sections of DNA / eq ;
  3. genes are the codes for protein
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