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Biology > Non-Specific Immune Response > Flashcards

Non-Specific Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What do tears contain?

A

An enzyme called lysozyme.

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2
Q

How does Lysozyme kill bacteria?

A

Lysozyme kills bacteria by breaking down their cell walls

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3
Q

Where is the enzyme also found?

A

In nasal secretions and saliva

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4
Q

What is the purpose of Lysozyme?

A

Protect body from harmful bacteria we breathe or the food we eat.

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5
Q

What happens when someone sustains an injury?

A

Microbes enter the body.

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6
Q

What helps seal a wound?

A

A blood clot.

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7
Q

What is inflammation at the site called?

A

An inflammatory response.

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8
Q

What does an inflammatory response help do?

A

Helps destroy invading microbes

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9
Q

What do damaged WBC + mast cells release?

A

Chemicals and Histamine

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10
Q

What do the chemicals released by WBCs and mast cells do?

A

Chemicals cause arterioles in the area to dilate, increasing blood flow in the capillaries at the infected site.

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11
Q

What does Histamine do to the capillaries?

A

Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries: cells in the capillary walls separate slightly=vessels leak.

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12
Q

What substances leak from vessels?

A

Plasma fluid, WBC, antibodies leak from blood into the tissue.

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13
Q

What does the leaking of plasma fluid, WBC and antibodies cause? What can this result in?

A

Odema (swelling). Microbes can now be attacked by these intact white cells.

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14
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are WBC that, engulf bacteria + other foreign matter in blood + tissues

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15
Q

What do Phagocytes include?

A

Phagocytes include: neutrophils + macrophages

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Leave blood capillaries by squeezing the cells of capillary walls
    • Ingest + destroy bacteria
    • Last a few days
17
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Two types: B cells + T cells
    • Involved in immune response: antibody production + immunity
    • Can survive for a few days or few years
18
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Circulate in the blood for a day or two before they move into the tissue by squeezing between the cells of the capillary walls
    • Here they become macrophages + engulf bacteria

Present in: lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen + lymph nodes

19
Q

Other White Blood Cells

A

Produce chemical histamine involved in the inflammatory response.

20
Q

WBC

A

All contain a nucleus

21
Q

RBC

A

No nucleus. Transport oxygen and some CO2

22
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

23
Q

ACTION AT THE INFECTED SITE: What do the chemicals released by bacteria and cells damaged attract?

A

Phagocytic white cells.

24
Q

What white blood cell is first to arrive?What do they do?

A

Neutrophils are first to arrive and engulf bacteria and become inactive and die.

25
Q

After the neutrophils die what is it then followed by?

A

Macrophages which are larger and longer lived cells
They destroy more bacteria than neutrophils
Then ingest debris from damaged cells.

26
Q

Where is the ingested material enclosed? How is the lysosome involved?

A
  1. Ingested material is enclosed in a vacuole
  2. Lysosome containing digestive enzymes fuse with the vacuole
  3. Enzymes are released + destroy bacteria
27
Q

Stages of Neutrophils/Macrophages destroying Bacteria

A
  1. Bacteria with antigens on surface.
  2. Engulfed by neutrophil or macrophage
  3. Enclosed in vacuole
  4. Lysosomes fuse with vacuole, releasing enzymes that destroy foreign material.
28
Q

ACTION TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF INFECTION: Where do some bacteria go? How can it be stopped?

A

Some bacteria get carried by the blood or the lymph

Spread of this bacteria can be stopped by the action of macrophages in the lymph nodes, spleen + liver

29
Q

What happens when the lymph system fails?

A

When the lymph system fails the body goes into septic shock.

30
Q

Role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system

A
  1. Tissue fluid drains into the lymphatic vessels.
  2. Lymph (fluid) flows through lymph vessels + passes through lymph nodes: returns to blood via lymphatic + thoracic duct.
  3. As lymph passes through the lymph nodes, any pathogen present activate lymphocytes + macro phages then destroy the microbes.
31
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (INTERFERON): What protein is the only non-specific defence against viruses?

A

Interferon.

32
Q

Where is interferon produced?

A

Virus infected cells produce this protein and it diffuses to the surrounding cells.

33
Q

What does interferon do?

A

Prevents viruses from multiplying
Inhibits viral protein synthesis
Limits formation of new virus particles.

Biology (54 decks)

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