Pectoral region

Question 1

Where is the sternum in the thoracic cage?

Answer 1

Lies anteriorly

Question 2

What are the parts of the sternum? and what does it articulate with?

Answer 2

Manubrium- superior part
- superior border- suprasternal
notch
- articulates laterally with clavicle
at sternoclavicular joint and with
first rib
- articulates inferiorly with
sternum body at
manubriosternal joint- ‘angle of
Louis’
Body- inferior to manubrium
- articulates ribs 2-7
- second rib articulates at sternal angle
- articulates inferiorly with xiphoid
process
Xiphoid process- inferior to body
-seventh rib articulates

Question 3

Label all lines

Answer 3

Question 4

Label all lines

Answer 4

Question 5

What forms the thoracic cage and how many pairs?

Answer 5

12

Question 6

What cartilage are ribs made of?

Answer 6

Costal cartilage

Question 7

Where do ribs articulate with the costal cartilage?

Answer 7

Costochondral joints

Question 8

Where do ribs 1-7 articulate?

Answer 8

Articulate directly with sternum at sternocostal joints- true ribs

Question 9

Where do ribs 8-10 articulate?

Answer 9

Unite and join seventh costal cartilage- false ribs

Question 10

What is the costal margin?

Answer 10

Costal cartilage of ribs 7-10- palpable

Question 11

What are ribs 11 and 12?

Answer 11

Floating ribs
Short- dont articulate with sternum

Question 12

How do ribs articulate posteriorly?

Answer 12

With thorcaic vertebra at costovertebral joints

Question 13

How are ribs connect to each other?

Answer 13

Connected by intercostal muscles- lie in intercostal space

Question 14

What are typical ribs?

Answer 14

3-9 Similar and share anatomical features
Head neck tubercle and body

Question 15

Label

Answer 15

Question 16

What are atypical ribs?

Answer 16

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

Question 17

How many thoracic vertabrae?

Answer 17

12 T1-12

Question 18

Where do the vertebrae and ribs articulate?

Answer 18

Thoracic vertebrae articulate with posterior part at costovertebral joints
Head of rib with body
Tubercle with transverse process

Question 19

What does the manubrium, first ribs and first thoracic vertebra form?

Answer 19

Superior thoracic aperture
Passageway through which structures pass between neck and thorax

Question 20

What rib lies at the sternal angle?

Answer 20

Second rib

Question 21

Label thoracic cage

Answer 21

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

What nerves innervate the skin of thoracic wall?

Answer 23

Spinal nerves T1-12
Touch, pain, temp, sweat glands, arrector pilli

Question 24

What is a dermatome?

Answer 24

Area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve

Question 25

What is the breast part of?

Answer 25

Axillary tail

Question 26

What does the breast contain?

Answer 26

● Fat ● Glandular tissue- lobules ● Ducts converge on nipple. Areola pigmented skin surrounds nipple ● Connective tissue, ligaments ● Blood vessels, lymphatics

Question 27

Label

Answer 27

Question 28

What supplies the breast?

Answer 28

Internal thoracic artery (arise subclavian)- give ride anterior intercostal Axillary artery

Question 29

How does blood return in breasts?

Answer 29

Axillary Internal thoracic veins

Question 30

What nerves to breast?

Answer 30

Somatic nerves Sympathetic fibres via intercostal

Question 31

Where does lymph from the breast drain to?

Answer 31

Lymph nodes in axilla

Question 32

What are 5 groups of lymph nodes in axilla? and what do they do?

Answer 32

Central, pectoral, humeral, subscapular, apical Drain breast, upper limb, chest, abdominal Apical drain most lymph from breast

Question 33

What are the three layers of intercostal muscles?

Answer 33

External- superficial Internal Innermost- deepest

Question 34

What is function of intercostal muscles?

Answer 34

Move ribs Alter dimensions of thoracic to aid insp and exp

Question 35

What is the most superficial muscle of anterior chest wall?

Answer 35

Pectoralis major

Question 36

Where is pec major? and function

Answer 36

adduct humerous

Question 37

What lies deep to pec major? and function

Answer 37

Pectorals minor- smaller muscle Attaches scapula and ribs 3-5 Protract scapula

Question 38

Superficial muscle that wraps round thoracic cage?

Answer 38

Serratus anterior Attached to scapula and upper 8 ribs Protract sacpula

Question 39

Label

Answer 39

Question 40

Label

Answer 40

Question 41

Label

Answer 41

Question 42

Function of pec major, minor and serratus anterior?

Answer 42

Move upper limb Pec major- adducts humerous Pec minor- protract scapula Serratus anterior- protract scapula Also act accessory muscles- attach ribs- if used in resp distress

Question 43

What disease is associated with dermatomes?

Answer 43

Shingles- reactivation herpes Dormant in dorsal root ganglion- activated- rash in dermatome with affected spinal nerve

Question 44

Where does most lymph drain and why can be issue?

Answer 44

Axillary nodes- malignant spread here first Removed issue as nothing to reduce swelling and fluid lead lymphoedema

Question 45

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-of-the-mediastinum-on-cross-section-1-right-superior-vena-cava-RSVC-2-left_fig4_7550884

Answer 45

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-of-the-mediastinum-on-cross-section-1-right-superior-vena-cava-RSVC-2-left_fig4_7550884