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Anatomy- CVR > Superior mediastinum and external heart > Flashcards

Superior mediastinum and external heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Thoracic viscera apart from lugs
e.g.- heart, trachea, lymphatics

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2
Q

What is the division of the mediastinum?

A

Superior and inferior
Sternal angle- anteriorly T4/5 junction
Inferior further divided-
Anterior- Thymus gland
Middle- Heart, pulmonary trunk, ascend aorta
Posterior- Vertebrae

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3
Q

Main contents of superior mediastinum?

A

Arch aorta
Sup vena cava
Trachea
Oesophagus
Phrenic and vagus
Thoracic duct

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4
Q

What are 3 parts of aorta in thorax?

A

Ascending aorta- forms coronary arteries
Arch aorta- curves posterior, sup mediastinum
Descending aorta- posterior mediastinum

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5
Q

What branches of aorta supply upper body?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk- RCCA supplies right side
head and neck
- R subclavian- R upper
limb
LCCA- supplies left side head, neck, brain
L subclavian artery- L upper limb

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6
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic body

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7
Q

Function of chemoreceptors?

A

Monitor arterial oxygen and CO2
Info travels along vagus nerve

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8
Q

Label

A
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9
Q

What connects the pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum
Remenant ductus arteriosus

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10
Q

In a foetus where does gas exchange occur?

A

Placenta
Ductus arteriosus diverts blood to aortic arch
When lungs start work- da closes and blood in pulmonary trunk enters lungs

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11
Q

What are the veins that carry deoxygenated blood, enter R atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

What does the SVC do?

A

Blood from heart to head, neck, upper limbs
Superior mediastinum

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13
Q

What is the SVC formed from?

A

L and R brachiocephalic veins
Brachiocephalic formed internal jugular and subclavian

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14
Q

What does the IVC do?

A

Return blood from regions to heart

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15
Q

Function of trachea? structure?

A

Conducts air to and from L and R main bronchi
Semi-rigid- C-shaped incomplete cartilage

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16
Q

Where does the trachea extend to?

A

Larynx- superior mediastinum

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17
Q

Where does the trachea terminate?

A

Lvl sternal angle (junction T4 and T5)- bifurcate into L and R main bronchi

18
Q

Function of oesphagus?

A

Pharynx to midline stomach neck
Waves contraction of smooth muscle move food and fluid distally (peristalsis)

19
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

C3, C4, C5- spinal nerves
Phrenic nerves- somatic- motor and sensory

20
Q

Where do phrenic nerves emerge?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

21
Q

What do vagus nerves innervate?

A

Thorax, abdomen, head, neck
Somatic and para

22
Q

Where do vagus nerves travel?

A

Descend neck, enter thorax via superior thoracic aperture
Give rise RLN- innervate muscle larynx
Left recurrent- arch aorta
Right recurrent- subclavian
Heart, lungs, oesophagus
Viscera

23
Q

Function of thoracic duct?

A

Lymphatic drainage

24
Q

What gland is found in children but not adults?

A

Thymus gland
Atrophy age

25
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Tough, fibrous sac encloses heart
Loose- allow movement heart

26
Q

What layers of pericardium?

A

Tough, outer fibrous later
Thin, inner serous- 2 parts
- parietal- inner fibrous
peri
- visceral- surface heart

27
Q

What is the space called between layers of serous paricardium?

A

Pericardial cavity- pericardial fluid

28
Q

What does pericardial fluid do?

A

Lubricates serous membranes
Allow slide over when heart moves

29
Q

What innervates fibrous pericardium?

A

L and R phrenic nerves

30
Q

What is the point of heart called? top area?

A

Apex- left sternum

31
Q

Where is inferior part?

A

Left ventricle, part right

32
Q

Where is anterior part?

A

Right ventricle

33
Q

Where is left pulmonary part?

A

Left ventricle

34
Q

Where is right pulmonary?

A

Right atrium

35
Q

What forms apex? and where?

A

Left ventricle
5th intercostal space in midclavic line

36
Q

Where is apex beat palpable?

A

5th intercostal space

37
Q

Where is right border?

A

Right atrium
3rd-6th costal cartilage

38
Q

Where is left border?

A

Left ventricle
2nd-5th intercostal space

39
Q

Superior and inferior borders?

A

Sup- sup extent R and L border 3rd CC-2nd IC
Inf- end right border with apex (R ventricle)

40
Q

What are auricles?

A

Outpouchings from walls R and L atria

41
Q

Sulci?

A

Grooves

Anatomy- CVR (8 decks)

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