period 1 terms Flashcards
(26 cards)
Refers to a prehistoric Native American culture that existed from 1000 BCE to 500 CE, primarily in the Ohio River Valley. Known for their large earthen mounds and complex societal structures, they were part of the broader Woodland culture.
Adena-Hopewell
A group of Native American tribes that spoke related languages and lived in a large area of North America from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Lakes. They played a significant role in early interactions with European settlers.
Algonquian
An ancient Native American culture that lived in the Southwest U.S. around 100 CE to 1300 CE. They built cliff dwellings and sophisticated communities. The ____ are descendants of the ___ and continue to live in the region today, known for their adobe homes and kiva ceremonial structures.
Anasazi and Pueblo
A Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Known for their advanced culture, monumental architecture, and the capital city of Tenochtitlán. They were conquered by Hernán Cortés in 1521.
Aztec
A 16th-century Spanish priest and historian who advocated for the rights of Indigenous people in the Americas, condemning the brutal treatment they received under Spanish colonization.
Bartolomé de las Casas
‼️ A hierarchical system of racial classification created by Spanish elites in colonial Latin America. It categorized people based on their ancestry and race, affecting social, economic, and legal standings.
Casta (Caste) System
‼️ The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus’s voyages.
Columbian Exchange
Spanish explorers and warriors who conquered large parts of the Americas in the 16th century, such as Hernán Cortés, who defeated the Aztec Empire, and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire.
Conquistadores
‼️ A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies, where Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract labor and tribute from Indigenous people in exchange for protection and Christian instruction.
Encomienda System
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain whose marriage united the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, leading to the formation of Spain. They sponsored Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage, which led to the discovery of the New World.
Ferdinand and Isabella
‼️ The theory that the physical environment, including the climate and geography, shapes human societies and cultures, influencing their development and history.
Geographic Determinism
An English explorer who, in the early 17th century, made several voyages in search of a northwest passage to Asia. He is best known for exploring the river that would later be named after him, the Hudson River.
Henry Hudson
A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521, bringing large parts of Mexico under Spanish control.
Hernán Cortés
‼️ A powerful alliance of six Native American nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later, Tuscarora) located in the northeastern U.S. They played a significant role in the history of colonial America, particularly in relations with European powers.
Iroquois Confederation
An Italian explorer working for England who, in 1497, made one of the earliest European voyages to North America, exploring the coast of what is now Newfoundland.
John Cabot
A Spanish philosopher and theologian who argued in favor of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, justifying the subjugation and enslavement of Indigenous peoples based on their alleged inferiority.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
A Native American tribe that is part of the larger Sioux group. They traditionally lived in the Great Plains and became known for their resistance to U.S. government policies in the 19th century, including their victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
Lakota Sioux
A staple crop, also known as corn, domesticated by Indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica. It became a vital part of the diet in both the Americas and Europe after the Columbian Exchange.
Maize
‼️ Settlements formed by escaped slaves in the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean and South America. These communities often maintained African traditions and resisted colonial authorities.
Maroon Communities
Religious settlements established by Catholic missionaries in the Americas to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity. The Spanish established many missions in what is now the southwestern United States and California.
Missions
A religious movement in 16th-century Europe that led to the creation of Protestant Christianity and a split from the Catholic Church, profoundly influencing European politics, society, and colonization efforts.
Protestant Reformation
‼️ Indigenous peoples in the Southwestern U.S., descendants of the Anasazi, known for their distinct adobe and stone dwellings and their complex social and religious practices.
Pueblo Indians
A French explorer and cartographer who founded Quebec City in 1608 and is known as the “Father of New France” for his role in establishing the French presence in North America.
Samuel de Champlain
A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal, mediated by the Pope, that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two powers along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands.
Treaty of Tordesillas
