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period 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Industrialist who amassed wealth in railroads and shipping, significantly influencing transportation infrastructure.

A

Cornelius Vanderbilt

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2
Q

1890 federal law aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition by prohibiting business practices that restrained trade.

A

Sherman Antitrust Act

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3
Q

The large-scale removal of forests, often for agriculture or urban development, leading to environmental concerns.

A

Deforestation

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4
Q

Legislation authorizing the creation of forest reserves and promoting sustainable forest management practices.

A

Forest Management Act of 1897

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5
Q

Rail lines connecting the eastern U.S. to the West Coast, facilitating commerce and settlement.

A

Transcontinental Railroads

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6
Q

Nationwide labor unrest due to wage cuts and poor working conditions, leading to violent clashes.

A

Railroad Strike of 1877

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7
Q

Naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, advocating for the preservation of wilderness areas.

A

John Muir

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8
Q

Railroad company that built the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad.

A

Union Pacific

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9
Q

Labor organization promoting worker rights, including an eight-hour workday and equal pay for equal work.

A

Knights of Labor

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10
Q

Environmental organization founded by John Muir, dedicated to preserving natural landscapes.

A

Sierra Club

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11
Q

Railroad company that constructed the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad.

A

Central Pacific

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12
Q

1886 labor rally in Chicago that turned violent, leading to the deaths of several police officers and civilians.

A

Haymarket Bombing

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13
Q

Post-Civil War vision for the Southern U.S. focusing on industrialization and economic diversification.

A

“New South”

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14
Q

Severe economic depression marked by bank failures, unemployment, and a stock market crash.

A

Panic of 1893

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15
Q

Labor union founded by Samuel Gompers, focusing on skilled workers and collective bargaining.

A

American Federation of Labor

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16
Q

Agricultural system where farmers work land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops.

A

Sharecropping

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17
Q

Industrialist who led the expansion of the steel industry in the U.S. during the late 19th century.

A

Andrew Carnegie

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18
Q

Labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor, advocating for workers’ rights.

A

Samuel Gompers

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19
Q

Labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor, advocating for workers’ rights.

A

Samuel Gompers

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20
Q

Agricultural scientist and inventor known for promoting alternative crops to cotton, like peanuts.

A

George Washington Carver

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21
Q

Business strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to finished products.

A

Vertical Integration

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22
Q

1894 nationwide railroad strike protesting wage cuts and high rents in company-owned towns.

A

Pullman Strike

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23
Q

Educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide vocational training to African Americans.

A

Tuskegee Institute

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24
Q

Largest steel manufacturing company in the U.S., formed by J.P. Morgan’s merger of steel companies.

A

U.S. Steel

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25
Labor leader and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World; five-time Socialist presidential candidate.
Eugene V. Debs
26
Supreme Court decisions that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, limiting federal protection against discrimination.
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
27
Founder of Standard Oil Trust, dominating the oil industry and becoming one of the wealthiest individuals.
John D. Rockefeller
28
Economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in business affairs.
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
29
Business strategy where a company acquires competitors in the same industry to increase market share.
Horizontal Integration
30
Application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to social and economic policies, justifying inequality.
Social Darwinism
31
1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
32
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Jim Crow laws
33
Monopoly formed by John D. Rockefeller, controlling the oil industry through horizontal integration.
Standard Oil Trust
34
Philosophy that wealthy individuals are trustees of their wealth and should use it for the public good.
Gospel of Wealth
35
Philosophy that wealthy individuals are trustees of their wealth and should use it for the public good.
Gospel of Wealth
36
Federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
37
Examinations used to disenfranchise African American voters by assessing reading and writing skills.
Literacy Tests
38
Financier who helped reorganize railroads and formed U.S. Steel, a major steel corporation.
J.P. Morgan
39
Taxes levied as a prerequisite for voting, often used to disenfranchise African Americans.
Poll Taxes
40
Method for mass-producing steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities.
Bessemer Process
41
Movements of large herds of cattle from grazing areas to railheads for shipment to markets.
Cattle Drives
42
African American educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, promoting vocational training.
Booker T. Washington
43
African American educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, promoting vocational training.
Booker T. Washington
44
Inventor of the telephone, revolutionizing communication.
Alexander Graham Bell
45
Twisted wire with sharp edges, used to fence in cattle and mark property boundaries.
Barbed Wire
46
Inventor known for developing the electric light bulb and phonograph.
Thomas Edison
47
Inventor of barbed wire, transforming fencing and agriculture.
Joseph Glidden
48
Decline in agricultural commodity prices, negatively impacting farmers’ income.
Crop Price Deflation
49
Pioneered refrigerated railcars, transforming the meatpacking industry by enabling long-distance transportation of perishable goods.
Gustavus Swift
50
1862 law granting 160 acres of public land to settlers who improved it over five years, promoting westward expansion.
Homestead Act
51
Agricultural organization advocating for farmers’ rights, including fair pricing and railroad regulation.
Grange Movement
52
Economic system driven by the purchasing of goods and services, emphasizing consumer spending.
Consumer Economy
53
1876 battle where Sioux and Cheyenne forces defeated General Custer’s troops, known as Custer’s Last Stand.
Little Big Horn
54
Trade and business activities that cross state lines, regulated by federal laws to ensure fair practices.
Interstate Commerce
55
Scandal involving Union Pacific Railroad executives who overcharged the government for construction, leading to political corruption.
Credit Mobilier
56
Advocates for integrating Native Americans into mainstream American society, often at the expense of indigenous cultures.
Assimilationists
57
Government body established to oversee and regulate specific areas, such as the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Commission
58
Government-provided land to encourage development, including railroads and educational institutions.
Federal Land Grants
59
Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots for farming.
Dawes Act of 1887
60
Political party representing farmers and laborers, advocating for economic reforms and government intervention.
People’s (“Populist”) Party
61
Legislation regulating railroad rates and practices to prevent monopolistic behaviors.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1886
62
Religious movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century, believed to restore indigenous cultures and remove white settlers.
Ghost Dance Movement
63
Historian known for the “Frontier Thesis,” arguing that the American frontier shaped national character and democracy.
Frederick Jackson Turner

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