Period 2

Question 1

Mercantilism

Answer 1

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Question 2

Salutary Neglect

Answer 2

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies’ continued economic loyalty

Question 3

Chesapeake

Answer 3

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.

Question 4

New England

Answer 4

a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut

Question 5

Southern Colonies

Answer 5

Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Question 6

compact

Answer 6

an agreement, or contract, among a group of people

Question 7

Indentured Servants

Answer 7

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Question 8

King Philip’s War

Answer 8

1676. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under King Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

Question 9

James Oglethorpe

Answer 9

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist’s dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Question 10

Jamestown

Answer 10

First permanent English settlement in North America

Question 11

John Smith

Answer 11

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Question 12

John Winthrop

Answer 12

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Question 13

John Peter Zenger

Answer 13

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700’s. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Question 14

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 14

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Question 15

Roger Williams

Answer 15

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Question 16

Stono Rebellion

Answer 16

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Question 17

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 17

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Question 18

Popé of San Juan Pueblo

Answer 18

led an all-Indian revolt in 1680 against the Spanish invaders in what is now the southwestern United States, driving them out of Santa Fe and temporarily restoring the old Pueblo way of life.

Question 19

William Penn

Answer 19

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Question 20

William Berkeley

Answer 20

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676.

Question 21

Royal Colony

Answer 21

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

Question 22

Join-stock colony

Answer 22

colony controlled by a business (Jamestown controlled by the London company)

Question 23

Proprietary Colony

Answer 23

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

Question 24

Enlightenment

Answer 24

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Question 25

Wampanoags (Pokanokets)

Answer 25

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Question 26

Quakers

Answer 26

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifisms, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Question 27

Town Meetings in New England

Answer 27

Many towns relied upon a New England style of town meetings in which all white, land holding men were allowed to participate in citizen-participation direct democracy.

Question 28

Virginia House of Burgesses

Answer 28

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Question 29

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Answer 29

First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. In 1622 the Indians attack leaving 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Raids drove the Indians farther west. The second war was fought in 1644, was a last ditch effort to dislodge the Virginians, the Indians were again defeated.

Question 30

Barbados Slave Code

Answer 30

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 31

William Bradford

Answer 31

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Question 32

Pequot War

Answer 32

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Question 33

Robert de La Salle

Answer 33

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Question 34

Peter Minuit

Answer 34

is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. (about $1000)

Question 35

Toleration Act of 1649

Answer 35

A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America

Question 36

Thomas Hooker

Answer 36

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Question 37

Blue Laws

Answer 37

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

Question 38

Old Lights

Answer 38

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

Question 39

Headright System

Answer 39

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Question 40

Navigation Acts

Answer 40

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Question 41

Widowarchy

Answer 41

High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth

Question 42

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 42

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Question 43

Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 43

A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands

Question 44

Great (Puritan) Migration

Answer 44

The Great Migration began when religious sects, primarily the Puritans, undertook the 3000 mile sea voyage and migrated to the New World in search of religious freedom. The Puritans believed that they would be able to establish a pure church in the colonies

Question 45

Salem Witchcraft Trials

Answer 45

trials in Salem Massachusetts in 1691, that led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft.

Question 46

Dutch Colonies

Answer 46

These colonies emphasized trade and cooperation with native peoples in order to expand trade; the British eventually conquered their colonies on the American mainland

Question 47

English Colonies

Answer 47

In the East coast of the U.S. Jamestown, Virginia was the first settlement. Colonies were a safe haven for religious persecution.

Question 48

Spanish colonies in Americas

Answer 48

goal was to obtain gold, then plantations using slave labor in sugarcane; brutal towards native tribes and enslavement; often converted natives by force to Christianity

Question 49

French Colonies

Answer 49

found in the Great Lakes region, traded fur with the Native Americans, got along well with the Natives

Question 50

Puritan work ethic

Answer 50

The belief is that work is a gift from God and a way to glorify Him. Dedicated workers are closer to God. Lazy workers are full of sin.

Question 51

Mayflower Compact

Answer 51

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Question 52

Pure Democracy

Answer 52

All citizens have a say in all the issues pertaining to their community.

Question 53

Salutatory Neglect

Answer 53

A hands-off policy of England toward its American colonies during the first half of the 1700's. Did not enforce the Navigation Acts.

Question 54

Wampanoag

Answer 54

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

Question 55

Pilgrims

Answer 55

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Question 56

Metacomet

Answer 56

Native American also known as Prince Phillip who fought against European settlers

Question 57

New Lights

Answer 57

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield and Johnathan Edwards during the Great Awakening.

Question 58

piety

Answer 58

devotion and reverence to God

Question 59

Johnathan Edwards

Answer 59

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

Question 60

George Whitfield

Answer 60

Great "field" preacher during the Great Awakening

Question 61

Anglicanism

Answer 61

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England

Question 62

"City on a Hill," 1630

Answer 62

A Biblical phrase from the New Testament of the Bible used by Puritan leader John Winthrop to articulate his vision for the Puritans' Massachusetts settlement. Winthrop wanted the emigrants to found an exemplary Christian community, a "city on a hill"- that would serve as a beacon for the Church of England, which they sought to reform from within.

Question 63

William Tucker

Answer 63

the first person of African ancestry born in the 13 British Colonies.

Question 64

Anthony Johnson

Answer 64

An African, in America, who gained his freedom in the 1650's, acquired land and servants, eventually attaining legal ownership "for life" over a Black man named John Casor

Question 65

John Casor

Answer 65

a man enslaved in the Virginia Colony—sued for his freedom. He argued that he was an indentured servant who had been forced by his enslaver, Anthony Johnson, to serve past his term. On March 8, 1655, the court ruled against him, and, declared him enslaved for life, and ordered him to return to Johnson.

Question 66

Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619

Answer 66

a Turning Point for Slavery in American History

Question 67

Glorious Revolution

Answer 67

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Question 68

Black Legend

Answer 68

Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit

Question 69

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 69

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Question 70

Cotton Mather

Answer 70

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first Americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in Salem

Question 71

Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)

Answer 71

He was a prominent English Catholic who was seeking a haven for other Catholics. In 1632, he received the land grant first promised to his father. He made Maryland into a haven for all Christians.

Question 72

Dominion of New England

Answer 72

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Question 73

Harvard

Answer 73

The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Question 74

Separatists/Pilgrims

Answer 74

These religious dissenters of the Church of England believed it could not be reformed and thus wanted to organize a completely separate church independent of royal control that did not have Catholic influences. They fled to America and settled in Plymouth.

Question 75

Non-Separatists

Answer 75

Puritans who wanted to reform the church from within instead of splitting from the Anglican Church.

Question 76

Pochahontas

Answer 76

Chief Powhatan daughter who married John Rolfe ending the first Powhatan wars.

Question 77

backcountry farmers

Answer 77

consisted mostly of poor farming settlers whose income and resources were dependent on the yield of their crops.