Period 6

Question 1

What did the Plains Natives resent?

Answer 1

Settlers taking their land, wantonly killing buffalo, and cheating and breaking promises

Question 2

Concentration Policy

Answer 2

The creation of Indian reservations that allowed the government to force tribes into scattered locations

Question 3

What did tensions between Native Americans and westward settlers result in?

Answer 3

Violent conflict and disagreement including the Sand Creek Massacre

Question 4

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Answer 4

The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp

Question 5

Dawes Severalty Act

Answer 5

Divided land among families who abandoned tribal allegiences

Question 6

How did Native Americans resist assimilation?

Answer 6

They engaged in movements like the Ghost Dance and Battle of Bighorn to preserve their culture and autonomy

Question 7

Pacific Railroad Act

Answer 7

Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds

Question 8

Homestead Act of 1862

Answer 8

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Question 9

Reasons for Westward Expansion

Answer 9

Adventure, economic improvement, and greater democracy

Question 10

Mining Towns

Answer 10

discovery of precious metals causes town to pop up overnight; mostly young male miners, few women; abandoned when metal was gone

Question 11

Cattle Industry

Answer 11

Cattle could be bought for cheap prices in the West, driven to railroad towns and shipped to the East for a higher price

Question 12

What led to the decline of the Cattle Industry?

Answer 12

Oversupply and overgrazing

Question 13

Farming Industry

Answer 13

Farmers drawn West by good soil, transportation, and government land policies; grew a cash crop to survive

Question 14

Turner Thesis

Answer 14

Theory that claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character.

Question 15

Impact of the frontier

Answer 15

Grew democracy, nationalism, invention, and gave factory workers an alternative; its close increased American imperialism

Question 16

What factors encouraged industrial growth?

Answer 16

Natural resources, favorable government policies, growing population (immigration), machinery (inventions), and communication

Question 17

Bessemer Process

Answer 17

An inexpensive process that removed impurities in steel processing leading to durable steel

Question 18

Significance of the Bessemer Process

Answer 18

U.S. becomes a leading producer in steel and it is used in railroads, buildings, and businesses

Question 19

Scientific Management

Answer 19

Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor- systems that maximized efficiency of people and machines

Question 20

Vertical Integration

Answer 20

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Question 21

Horizontal Integration

Answer 21

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Question 22

Robber Barrons

Answer 22

Businesspeople who built large trusts and paid low wages to employees. ex: Carnagie, Rockefeller

Question 23

Social Darwinism

Answer 23

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle- used by Robber Barrons to justify wealth

Question 24

New Immigrants

Answer 24

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

Question 25

What did immigrants provide to industries?

Answer 25

Cheap labor

Question 26

What drove urban growth?

Answer 26

Immigration, migration of blacks, and due to economic opportunity a desire to escape oppression; also rural work was less labor intensive

Question 27

Political Machines

Answer 27

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Question 28

Tweed Ring

Answer 28

A corrupt political machine in which supporters were rewarded with jobs in government agencies and money

Question 29

The Social Gospel

Answer 29

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Question 30

Ethnic Islands

Answer 30

small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context.

Question 31

Settlement Houses

Answer 31

institutions that provided educational and social services (childcare) to poor people and immigrants

Question 32

Wages and working conditions in the Gilded Age

Answer 32

Incomes were low in factory jobs and work was unsafe with frequent uncompensated accidents

Question 33

Knights of Labor (1869)

Answer 33

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms including 8 hour work days, graduated income taxes, and nationalized railroads (to get rid of monopolies)

Question 34

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Answer 34

founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

Question 35

What did the AFL advocate for

Answer 35

Collective bargaining

Question 36

What was the Railroad Strike of 1877?

Answer 36

The first major post-Civil War strike in the United States.

Question 37

Why did employees of the Baltimore and Ohio strike in 1877?

Answer 37

They struck when the company lowered their wages.

Question 38

What was the outcome of the Railroad Strike of 1877?

Answer 38

Violent- 5 million in property destroyed

Question 39

What does the Railroad Strike of 1877 indicate about the post-Civil War era?

Answer 39

It reflects the labor unrest following the war.

Question 40

Homestead Strike (1892)

Answer 40

Strike protesting wage cuts by Carnegie Steel; Pinkertons were sent to protect strikebreakers and fired killing 7 and starting a riot

Question 41

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Answer 41

Violent uprising in Haymarket Square, Chicago, where police clashed with labor demonstrators in the aftermath of a bombing

Question 42

Pinkerton Detectives

Answer 42

Hired soldiers used to put down strikes

Question 43

Yellow Dog Contracts

Answer 43

Employment agreements binding workers not to join a union

Question 44

Pullman Strike

Answer 44

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide; U.S. attorney general issued an injunction to end it citing the Sherman Antitrust Act

Question 45

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Answer 45

Giving government positions based on merit rather than political favoritism- signed into law by Chester A. Aurthur

Question 46

Hayes' economic policy

Answer 46

Pro-business Republican

Question 47

Cleveland's goals

Answer 47

Lowering tariff rates - wrongly portrayed as anti-business

Question 48

McKinley Tariff of 1890

Answer 48

Benjamin Harrison: raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been

Question 49

Populist Movement

Answer 49

Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America

Question 50

Populist Goals

Answer 50

Create a bimetallic standard to increase farm prices, graduated income tax, and nationalize railroads to eliminate monopolies

Question 51

Who did the populists represent?

Answer 51

Farmers and labor

Question 52

Other populist goals

Answer 52

Direct election of senators, and 8 hour workday

Question 53

Election of 1896

Answer 53

McKinley- Gold standard; Bryan- bimetallic. McKinley wins off upper and middle class votes

Question 54

Americanization

Answer 54

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens