Period 7 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Abrams v. US
A
1919 Supreme Court Case that upheld conviction of Russian immigrants for distributing anti-war leaflets (encouraging workers to strike against war efforts), criticizing government war efforts. Main takeaway: government can limit speech that poses a danger to the country.
2
Q
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
A
1933 New Deal Act that raised prices for farm produce by paying farmers subsidies to reduce production. However, larger farmers gained most of the benefits. Declared unconstitutional in 1936.
3
Q
America First Committee
A
Isolationist organization by Gerald Nye in 1940 to keep the US out of WW2.
4
Q
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
A
Est 1920, most notably fought against the Palmer Raids. Helped to represent John T Scopes in his challenge to Tennessee’s law banning evolution teaching. Progressive, helped defend rights of US citizens.
5
Q
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
A
US military force in Europe during WW1, est 1917.
6
Q
American Plan
A
Voluntary program initiated by business in the 1920’s to protect worker welfare. Meant to undermine appeal of labor unions. Ex: Henry Ford shortens the working day, increases wages.
7
Q
American Protective League
A
Citizens who helped government identify German spies and disloyal citizens during WW1
8
Q
Atlantic Charter
A
Declaration by FDR and Churchill on August 14, 1941. Identified war aims, such as self-determination and no territorial change.
9
Q
Battle of the Bulge
A
Dec 16 1944 to Jan 25 1945, German counteroffensive in the Ardennes Forest during WW2. Allies win, driving Germans back towards Germany.
10
Q
Battle of Iwo Jima
A
WW2 battle that took place from Feb 19-March 26 1945. Major turning point, Ally victory.
11
Q
Battle of Midway Island
A
Decisive American victory over Japanese navy in June 1942. Japan couldn’t launch large scale attacks against Allied forces.
12
Q
Battle of Okinawa
A
WW2 battle from April 1-June 22 1945. Bloodiest battle in the Pacific war. Allied victory.
13
Q
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
A
Aggressive foreign diplomacy backed by the threat of force (US to other countries).
14
Q
Black Tuesday
A
AKA Wall Street crash of 1929.
15
Q
Bonus Army
A
WW1 veterans who marched on DC in 1932 to demand early payment of their bonuses. Took place in Great Depression, in which many struggled financially.
16
Q
Bully Pulpit
A
Roosevelt’s office of the presidency. A platform to promote his programs and rally public opinion.
17
Q
Bureau of Investigation
A
Later FBI, set up in 1924 under J Hoover and used tougher methods against corruption
18
Q
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
A
1932 New Deal program that only lasted 4 months, but employed more than 4 million on 400,000 projects.
19
Q
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
A
Hired young, unmarried men to work on conservation projects. Employed around 2.5 million and lasted until 1942.
20
Q
Clayton Antitrust Act
A
1914 act that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust act by banning certain corporate operations, such as price discrimination and overlapping membership on company boards. Exempted labor unions from prosecution.
21
Q
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
A
Government agency created during World War I in 1917 to encourage Americans to support the war. Influenced public opinion, released government news, etc.
22
Q
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
A
Organization founded by pacifists in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means, such as sit-ins. Especially to protest segregation.
23
Q
Court-packing plan
A
1937 proposal by FDR to increase the size of the supreme court and decrease opposition to the New Deal. Did not pass, decrease FDR’s public support. Still, his other policies got passed.
24
Q
Department of Commerce and Labor
A
Department established by Teddy to deal with domestic economic affairs–promote and oversee large business. Later split into two departments for better management.
25
Dollar Diplomacy
Term by President Taft to describe the economic focus on foreign policy. Hoped to use economic policy and control of foreign assets by US companies to influence Latin American nations.
26
Double V Campaign
The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."
27
Dust Bowl
A period of severe dust storms in the 1930s that turned the Great Plains very dry. Caused by soil erosion from poor farming practices (removed grasses that held soil in place)
28
18th Amendment
Prohibition of alcohol.
29
Elkins Act
(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers (i.e. rebates for businesses that shipped large quantities of goods)
30
Espionage Act
1917 act, criminalized acts of espionage and interference with US government's foreign policy.
31
Fair Labor Standards Act
Est. 1938, created the right to a minimum wage, and overtime pay when people work over 40 hrs a week. Also got rid of child labor.
32
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Federal agency that insurance banks up to $5000 annually, which would rise over the years.
33
Food Administration
Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers. Also pushed for volunteer things like "meatless mondays"
34
Glass-Steagall Act
(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Allowed solvent (financially sound) banks to reopen.
35
Hawley-Smoot Act
A law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective import tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression in America and abroad. Intended to protect US business and farmers.
36
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.
37
Hetch-Hetchy Valley
The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.
38
Indian Citizenship Act
Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S in 1924.
39
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
1934 act that ended the Dawes Act, authorized self-government for those living on reservations, extended tribal landholdings, and pledged to uphold native customs and language. But also led to forced assimilation.
40
Jingoists
Extremely patriotic supporters of the expansion and use of military power. Jingoists such as Theodore Roosevelt longed for a war in which they could demonstrate America's strength and prove their own masculinity.
41
The Jungle
This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
42
Keating-Owen Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children. Also set age limits for working children, and hours children worked.
43
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. Global precedent for pace.
44
Lend-lease Act
1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security. Helped to support war without actually directly involving the US.
45
Mann Act
Prohibited the interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes
46
Meat Inspection Act
1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.
47
Mexican Revolution
Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform. Many migrants moved into the US.
48
Military-industrial complex
The close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries. When industries create things for military use.
49
Muller v. Oregon
1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
50
Munich Accord
Great Britain and France agreed to Hitler's takeover of the Sudentenland in Czechoslavakia in 1938 because Hitler said he would not take over any more territory in Europe/ HItler lied. Example of appeasement.
51
National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Largest women's suffrage organization formed in 1890. Got enough state amendments to be passed to get the 19th amendment.
52
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Founded in 1909 by Black and white activists, that advocated for racial equality and justice. Helped to eradicate lynching, and organized mass protests. Main people, Ida B Wells, WEB DuBois, etc.)
53
National Association of Color Women (NACW)
Formed 1896, help improve lives of African Americans and advocate for their civil and political rights. Ida B Wells was one of the founders.
54
National Industrial Recovery Act
1933, help businesses self-regulate and to aid in employment, created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which oversaw the creation of fair competition codes. Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court overturned NIRA, holding that it granted the president too much leeway and that these powers should be in the hands of the states
55
National Labor Relations Act
Protect rights of private sector employees to organize into unions and do collective bargaining. Prevented employers from threatening employees from union activities.
56
National Labor Relations Board
Enforces procedures whereby employees may vote for a union and collective bargaining. Created by NLRA in 1935.
57
National Origins Act
Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
58
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
New Deal agency (1933-1935) that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages.
59
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
Government agency in 1942 that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions. Main Takeaway: tries to keep productivity high by preventing strikes and lockouts in wartime.
60
National Woman's Party
A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.
61
Neutrality Acts
4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. Prohibited sale/transportation of arms to warring countries, all trade w/ belligerent nations be paid in cash, loan bans, etc. Try to maintain isolationism.
62
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
63
New Nationalism
Teddy Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, especially with trust-busting.
64
New Negro
A term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. Main Takeaway: more outspoken in their battles.
65
New Women
Term used to describe independent, career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.
66
Nye Committee
1935. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate financial interest with why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."
67
Office of War Information
Established 1942. Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine.
68
Old-Age Revolving Pensions Corporation
A pension proposal also known as the Townsend Plan, developed by Francis Townsend. It advocated for a $200 per month pension for every citizen over the age of 60 in the United States.
69
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.
70
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).
71
Platt Amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble. Enacted 1901, established terms when the US ends military occupation of Cuba.
72
Progressive Party
Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.
73
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Est 1933, helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)
74
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
75
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief and loans to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks. Restore confidence in banking.
76
Red Scare
Fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life
77
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force (big stick)
78
Rough Riders
Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
79
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Main Takeaway: negative association with immigrants and radicalism was main focus of trial rather than actual stuff pertaining to events).
80
Schneck v. US
1919 case, Free speech limited in "clear and present danger". Gov can limit free speech during wartime.
81
Scottsboro Nine
Nine African American youths convicted of raping two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. The Communist Party played a key role in defending the Scottsboro Nine and in bringing national and international attention to their case.
82
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. Disclose important market information.
83
Sedition Act
Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. 1918.
84
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
85
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
1940 law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service
86
Share Our Wealth Society
1934, Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey "Kingfish" Long, criticized FDR for not doing more to help those on the lower end of the scale, proposed a radical taxation plan on the wealthy to make "every man a king"
87
Shepherd-Towner Act
1921- established the first federally funded health care program providing matching funds for states to set up prenatal and child health care centers
88
16th Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
89
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence.
90
Square Deal
Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers
91
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. Prime example of corruption.
92
Teller Amendment
Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war, 1898
93
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
94
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
95
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)
96
Tripartite Pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
97
Tuskegee Airmen
332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.
98
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
99
Tydings-McDuffie Act
(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines.
100
Underwood Act
Reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax, 1913.
101
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
An association that promoted black pride and black unity. It also encouraged African Americans to move permanently to Africa.
102
War Industries Board (WIB)
The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI, 1917. Set priorities for production, fixed prices for raw materials, supervised allied purchasing, etc.
103
War Powers Act (1942)
1942 act passed after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It authorized the president to reorganize federal agencies any way he thought necessary to win the war.
104
War Production Board
During WWII, 1942, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
105
Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES)
Women's Branch of US Naval Reserve in WW2. Mostly held clerical jobs, but also helped take on other careers they normally wouldn't be able to.
106
Women's Army Corps (WACs)
U.S. army unit created during WW2 to enable women to serve in noncombat positions.
107
Workmen's Compensation Act
Regulation guaranteeing the rights of federal employees to receive financial compensation or pursue legal action for any injury occurring on the job, 1923.
108
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
New Deal agency in 1935 that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.
109
Yalta Agreement
1945 conferenced that involved dividing Germany into sections controlled by the Soviet Union and the Western powers.
110
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Used in Spanish-American war.
111
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram intercepted by the British that Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
112
Zoot Suit Riots
A series of riots in L.A. California during 1943, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore. Race riot.
