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Anatomy and Physiology > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

PNS

A

all neural structures outside of brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

parts of PNS

A

sensory receptors
peripheral nerves
ganglia
motor endings

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3
Q

goal of PNS

A

provides links to and from external environment

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4
Q

classification of nerves

A

somatic- voluntary
visceral- autonomic
sensory- afferent (ascending)
motor- efferent (descending)

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5
Q

groups of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglia

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6
Q

groups of cell bodies in CNS

A

nuclei

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7
Q

what prohibits CNS axon regeneration?

A

oligodendrocytes have growth inhibiting proteins and astrocytes form scar tissue

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8
Q

regeneration of PNS nerves

A

if soma of peripheral nerve is intact, axon will regenerate, but might not function as well

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9
Q

cells involved with regerenation?

A

macrophages- remove debris
schwann cells- form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
axons- regenerate damaged part

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10
Q

cranial nerves

A

12
originate in brain

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11
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
originate in spinal cord
mixed nerves (both sensory and motor functions)

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12
Q

how are cranial nerves identified?

A

by Roman numeral and name
combination of only motor, only sensory, or both

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13
Q

I olfactory nerve

A

receptor cells in nasal cavity
through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
pathway leads to primary olfactory cortex
sensory - sense of smell

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14
Q

II optic nerve

A

from retina
pass through optic canal and converge/cross over at optic chiasma
synapse in thalamus, then to visual cortex
sensory- sense of sight

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15
Q

III oculomotor nerve

A

fibers control extrinsic eye muscles
raise eyelid, direct eyeball up, down, or inward
constrict iris
control lens shape
motor

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16
Q

IV trochlear nerve

A

motor nerve that directs eyeball inferolaterally

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17
Q

V trigeminal nerve

A

3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandinular
both
sensory- impulses from areas of face
motor- chewing muscles

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18
Q

VI abducens nerve

A

motor function of lateral rectus muscle
abduct eye, move laterally

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19
Q

VII facial nerves

A

from pons through internal acoustic meatus to face
5 branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
both
motor- voluntary facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands
sensory- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

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20
Q

VIII vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance
sensory

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21
Q

IX glossopharngeal nerve

A

both
motor- tongue and pharynx for swallowing
sensory- taste and sensory impulses of posterior tongue, impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

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22
Q

X vagus nerve

A

only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck
both
motor- skeletal muscles, regulate heart, lungs, various abdominal viscera (digestion)
sensory- impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds

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23
Q

XI accessory nerves

A

ventral rootlets from cervical spinal cord
motor- trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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24
Q

XII hypoglossal nerve

A

motor- extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue for swallowing and speech

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25
ventral roots
motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn innervate skeletal muscles
26
dorsal roots
sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
27
dorsal ramus
supply back
28
ventral ramus
supply thorax, abdomen, and limbs form plexuses
29
plexus
interlacing nerve networks
30
meningeal branch
innervate meninges
31
innervation
more than one spinal nerve supplies a muscle in many parts of body nerve connecting to muscle also connects to the joint and skin above joint
32
dermatome
area of skin innervated by a cutaneous branch of single spinal nerve all nerves beside C1 participate in dermatomes overlap (destruction of one spinal nerve wont cause complete numbness)
33
sensory receptors
specialized structures that respond to stimuli sensation and perception
34
sensation
the awareness of changes in internal and external environment
35
perception
the conscious interpretation of those stimuli
36
classification of PNS receptors
stimulus type location structural complexity
37
5 types of stimulus receptors
mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors
38
mechanoreceptors
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch Merkel cells in epidermis hair follicle receptors
39
thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temperature cold- 10-40 C superficial dermis heat 32-48 C deep
40
nociceptors
sensitive to painful and irritating stimuli pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, temperature outside of thermoreceptor range, chili peppers
41
photoreceptors
respond to light energy
42
chemoreceptors
respond to chemicals: odors, tastes, changes in blood chemistry activated by histamine
43
3 types of location receptors
exteroceptors interoceptors proprioceptors
44
exteroceptors
respond to stimuli outside of body in skin for touch, pressure, pain and temperature most special sense organs
45
interoceptors
respond to stimuli from internal viscera and blood vessels sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
46
proprioceptors
respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles inform brain of one's movements (position of body)
47
2 types of structural receptors
complex simple
48
complex receptors
special sense organs vision, hearing, smell, equilibrium, taste
49
simple receptors
general sense tactile senations, temperature, pain, stretch nonencapsulated or encapsulated dendritic endings
50
nonencapsulated free nerve endings
found throughout body unmyelinated, small diameter axons thermoreceptors chemoreceptors nociceptors light touch mechanoreceptors
51
encapsulated nerve endings
nerve enclosed by connective tissue capsule mechanoreceptors (some proprioceptors)
52
encapsulated endings in integumentary system
meissner corpuscles- tactile, discriminative touch pacinian corpuscles- deep pressure, vibration ruffini endings- deep continuous pressure
53
encapsulated endings in muscles and joints
muscle spindle- muscle stretch tendon organs- tendon stretch joint kinesthetic receptors- stretch in articular capsules of synovial joints
54
levels of neural integration of sensory info
receptor level- sensory receptors circuit level- processing in ascending pathway perceptual level- processing in cortex sensory areas
55
general sense signals in somatosensory cortex
receptor is sensory neuron stimulus -> generator potential -> action potential
56
special sense signals in somatosensory cortex
receptor is separate cell stimulus -> receptor potential in receptor cell -> release of neurotransmitter -> graded potential in first order sensory neuron -> action potential
57
adaptation
change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus receptor membrane becomes less responsive receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
58
which receptor does not exhibit adaptation?
proprioceptors and pain receptors always need to know information of pain or body position
59
phasic receptors
signal beginning or end of stimulus fast adapting receptors for pressure, touch, and smell
60
tonic receptors
adapt slowly or not at all nociceptors and most proprioceptors
61
ascending pathways circuit level
uses three neurons to conduct sensory impulses upward to appropriate brain regions first order, second order, and third order neurons
62
first order neurons
conduct impulses from receptor level to second order neuron in CNS
63
second order neurons
transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
64
third order neurons
conduct impulses from thalamus to somatosensory cortex
65
identification of sensation perceptual level
depends on specific location of target neurons in sensory cortex
66
perceptual detection
ability to detect stimulus summation of impulses
67
magnitude estimation
intensity is coded in frequency of impulses
68
spatial discrimination
identifying the site or pattern of stimulus
69
feature abstraction
combination of several features into overall idea
70
quality discrimination
ability to differentiate sub qualities (taste)
71
pattern recognition
ability to identify patterns
72
perception of pain
warns of actual/impending tissue damage
73
pain stimuli
extreme pressure, temperature, tissue damage chemicals released: histamine, K+, ATP, acids, bradykinin
74
pain neurotransmitters
glutamate and substance P activate 2nd order spinothalamic tracks
75
fight or flight in pain
pain impulses blocked by inhibitory endogenous opioids (natural) temporary override
76
role of genetics in pain?
influence a person's pain tolerance
77
hyperalgesia
pain amplification - pain receptors always activated chronic pain and phantom limb pain activated NMDA receptors
78
visceral pain
thorax, abdominal cavity dull, aching, burning caused by extreme stretching, chemicals, muscle spasms, low blood flow
79
referred pain
pain from one area of body is perceived as coming from another part brain interprets pain coming from spinal nerves as somatic rather than visceral
80
3 levels of somatic control of motor division
segmental level projection level pre-command level
81
segmental level
spinal cord reflexes automatic repeated movements- CPGs central pattern generators set crude rhythms and alternating patterns of movement don’t need higher brain levels to control
82
projection level
primary motor cortex and direct descending tracts for voluntary skeletal movement brain stem nuclei (red, vestibular, and reticular formation) control and modify reflex and CPGs
83
precommand level
cerebellum and basal nuclei control and coordinate output of projection level start and stop movements, coordinate posture, prevent unwanted movements, monitor muscle tone unconscious planning in advance
84
inborn/intrinsic reflex
rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus stay upright, alive, and intact without thinking about it
85
learned/acquired reflex
result from practice or repetition (overtime) how to play instrument, driving, sewing, riding bike
86
reflex arc
1. receptor- site of stimulus action 2. sensory neuron- transmit afferent impulses to CNS 3. integration center- CNS structure 4. motor neuron- conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ 5. effector- muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
87
monosynaptic
two neuron circuit of reflex
88
polysynaptic
3 or greater neuron circuit of reflex
89
somatic reflex
integration center- spinal cord effectors- skeletal muscles brain not necessary, but can adapt/facilitate reflex testing important for assessing condition of nervous system (absent, exaggerated, or absent means degeneration or pathology)
90
muscle and tendon stretch somatic reflex
muscle spindles inform the nervous system of length of muscle tendon organs inform brain the amount of tension in tendons
91
muscle spindles
small short intrafusal fibers in connective tissue capsule sensory neurons wrapped around sense rate and degree of stretch motor neurons stimulate them to contract along with rest of muscle
92
muscle spindle intrafusal fibers excitement
1. external stretch of muscle and muscle spindle 2. contraction of spindle along whole muscle change in length causes increased rate of impulses
93
stretch reflex
maintain muscle tone and upright posture cause muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length all are monosynaptic and ipsilateral
94
how stretch reflex works
1. stretch activates muscle spindle 2. sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons in spinal cord 3. motor neurons cause stretch muscle to contract
95
reciprocal inhibition
fibers synapse with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons of antagonistic muscles
96
tendon reflex
inform brain the amount of tension in muscle tendons cause muscle relaxation - antagonistic muscle contracts for reciprocal activation polysynaptic help prevent damage due to extensive stretch
97
flexor reflex
withdrawal reflex initiated by painful stimulus causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part ipsilateral and polysynaptic brain can override (shots)

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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