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Cardio > Peripheral Vascular System > Flashcards

Peripheral Vascular System Flashcards

Fuck this bro

1
Q

a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.

A

blood

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2
Q

Functions of the blood

A

transportation
regulation
protection

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3
Q

major functions of RBC

A

transport Hgb
oxygen and nutrients
Carbon dioxide and other wastes

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4
Q

Normal pH for blood

A

7.35-7.45 pH

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5
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma
45% formed substances

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6
Q

plasma composition

A

91.5% water
7% plasma proteins

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7
Q

plasma protein composition

A

Albumin (54%)
Globulin (38%)
Fibrinogen (7%)

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8
Q

Function of albumin

A

Maintains colloid osmotic pressure

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9
Q

What drug causes bleeding when there is increased albumin?

A

Warfarin

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10
Q

Low albumin

A

Albuminemia

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11
Q

An increase in albumin results in…

A

Dehydration

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12
Q

Small plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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13
Q

Large plasma proteins

A

Globulin

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14
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

contributes to blood clotting by conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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15
Q

Reference value of sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

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16
Q

Reference value of potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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17
Q

Reference value of creatinine

A

0.5-1.2 mg/dL

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18
Q

Reference value of glucose

A

70-110 mg/dL

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19
Q

Reference value of calcium

A

9-11 mEq/L

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20
Q

Reference value of carbon dioxide

A

20-29 mEq/L

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21
Q

Hgb reference value

A

F: 12-16 g/dL
M: 13-18 g/dL

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22
Q

HCT reference value

A

F: 36-46%
M: 37-49%

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23
Q

Normal RBC count

A

F: 4.8 million RBC/microliter
M: 5.4 million RBC/microliter

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24
Q

Ratio of Hgb to O2 molecules

A

4:1

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25
Q

color of Hgb bound to O2

A

bright red

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26
Q

color of Hgb without bound O2

A

dark red

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27
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days (3-4 mos)

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28
Q

shape of RBC

A

biconcave disc

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29
Q

formation of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis

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30
Q

What hormone regulates RBC formation?

A

Erythropoietin

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31
Q

Where does RBC formation take place?

A

Bone marrow

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32
Q

This type of WBC are the first responders and usually remain in the blood for a short time (10-12 hours)

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

This type of WBC responds to parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

Neutrophils composes how much of the total WBC?

A

2/3

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35
Q

This type of WBC responds to allergic reactions

A

Basophils

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36
Q

What are the granular types of WBC?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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37
Q

What are the agranular types of WBC?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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38
Q

This type of WBC responds to viral infections and produces antibodies as well as other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms, contribute to allergic reactions, graft rejections, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system.

A

Lymphocytes

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39
Q

This type of lymphocytes develop into plasma cells, which secretes antibodies

A

B Cells

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40
Q

This type of Immunoglobulins are abundant in the blood and crosses the placenta.

A

IgG

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41
Q

This type of Immunoglobulins is the most abundant in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk.

A

IgA

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42
Q

This type of Immunoglobulins that functions for mucosal defense and produces food antigen. It is also the main responders of an infection.

A

IgM

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43
Q

This type of Immunoglobulins responds to allergies and parasites

A

IgE

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44
Q

This type of Immunoglobulins activates B cells

A

IgD

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45
Q

This type of lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria.

A

T Cells

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46
Q

This type of T cells are the ones attacked in HIV; alerts immunoglobulins and killer T cells to respond to pathogen.

A

Helper T Cells (CD4 T cells)

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47
Q

This type of T cells destroy foreign bodies

A

Killer T Cells (CD8/Cytotoxic cells)

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48
Q

This type of T cells suppress CD8 cells

A

Suppressor T cells

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49
Q

This type of lymphocytes attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.

A

NK cells

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50
Q

This type of WBC responds to viral and fungal infections

A

Monocytes

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51
Q

Most abundant Immunoglobulin in the blood

A

IgG

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52
Q

Immunoglobulin that succeeds the expression of breastmilk

A

IgG

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53
Q

Increased neutrophil count indicates

A

Bacterial infection
Burns
Stress
Inflammation

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54
Q

Increased lymphocyte count indicates

A

viral infection
infectious mononucleosis

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55
Q

Increased monocyte count indicates

A

viral or fungal infection
TB

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56
Q

Increased Eosinophil count indicates

A

allergic reaction
parasitic infection
autoimmune disease

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57
Q

Increased Basophil count indicates

A

allergic reaction
leukemia
cancer

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58
Q

decreased Neutrophil count indicates

A

SLE

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59
Q

Clotting factor I

A

Fibrinogen

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60
Q

Clotting factor II

A

Prothrombin

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61
Q

Clotting factor III

A

Thromboplastin

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62
Q

Clotting factor IV

A

Calcium

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63
Q

Clotting factor V

A

Labile

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64
Q

Clotting factor VII

A

Stable

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65
Q

Clotting factor VIII

A

factor A

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66
Q

Clotting factor IX

A

factor B

67
Q

Clotting factor X

A

Stuart

68
Q

Clotting factor XI

A

factor C

69
Q

Clotting factor XII

A

Hageman/factor D

70
Q

Clotting factor XIII

A

Fibrin

71
Q

RBC is abnormally high which raises the viscosity of the blood

A

Polycythemia Vera

72
Q

Physiologic causes of polycythemia vera includes:

A

high altitude

73
Q

Abnormal low numbers of WBC

A

Leukopenia

74
Q

A form of blood cancer in which WBC are abnormally high

A

Leukemia

75
Q

Decreased albumin

A

Albuminemia

76
Q

It carries blood away from the heart

A

Arteries and arterioles

77
Q

Layers of tunica interna (deep to superficial)

A

Endothelium
Basement membrane
Internal elastic laminae

78
Q

Layers of tunica media (deep to superficial)

A

Endothelium
Basement membrane
External elastic laminae

79
Q

this layer of a blood vessel provides physical support base to the epithelial layer

A

basement membrane

80
Q

Functions of endothelial cells

A

reduces surface friction
physical influence on blood flow
assistance with capillary permeability

81
Q

Nerves that innervate the veins and arteries

A

Vasa vasorum

82
Q

largest arteries in the body and help propel the blood while ventricles are relaxed

A

elastic arteries

83
Q

another name for elastic arteries

A

conducting arteries

84
Q

the elastic lamellae is composed of

A

a thick tunica media dominated by elastic fibers

85
Q

examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk
subclavian a.
common carotid a.
brachiocephalic a.
abdominal aorta

86
Q

characteristics of an elastic artery

A

well-defined internal and external elastic laminae
thick tunica media

87
Q

functions of an elastic artery

A

propels blood onward while ventricles are relaxed
recoils and converts stored energy to kinetic energy
pressure reservoir

88
Q

medium-sized arteries that is capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust the rate of flow

A

Muscular arteries

89
Q

another name for muscular arteries

A

Distributing arteries

90
Q

characteristics of Muscular arteries

A

well-define internal elastic laminae
thin external elastic laminae

91
Q

examples of Muscular arteries

A

brachial a.
radial a.
ulnar a.

92
Q

Union of two or more arterial branches supplying the same region

A

Anastomoses

93
Q

the function of an anastomoses

A

provide alternate routes for blood to supply the same site

94
Q

arteries that anastomose, an alternative route of blood flow to a body part through
anastomoses.

A

Collateral circulation

95
Q

arteries that do not anastomose

A

End arteries

96
Q

arteries flow directly into the veins

A

Arteriovenous (AV) shunt

97
Q

most common type of anastomoses; alternate drainage for organs

A

Venous anastomosis

98
Q

2 arteries merge; collateral circulation

A

Arterial anastomosis

99
Q

characteristics of an arteriole

A

thin tunica interna and internal elastic laminae

100
Q

the terminal end of an arteriole

A

metarteriole

101
Q

another name for Arterioles

A

resistance vessels

102
Q

how thin are is the tunica interna of capillaries?

A

one cell thick

103
Q

what is the function of a capillary?

A

connect the arterial outflow to the venous return

104
Q

what layers are not present in a capillary?

A

tunica media
tunica externa

105
Q

network of 10-100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole

A

capillary bed

106
Q

venule that receives blood from a capillary

A

postcapillary venule

107
Q

flow of blood from a metarteriole through capillaries to postcapillary venule

A

microcirculation

108
Q

veins that have venous valves

A

medium-sized veins

109
Q

flattened, specialized veins with extremely thin walls

A

venous sinuses

110
Q

size of large veins

A

> 10 mm

111
Q

provides a direct route for blood from arterioles to the venules; bypasses capillariee

A

thoroughfare channels

112
Q

segments of smooth muscle that directs blood towards the capillaries

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

113
Q

nerves that innervate the blood vessels

A

nervi vasorum

114
Q

Most common type of capillary with tight junctions of endothelial cells. It is only interrupted by intercellular clefts

A

Continuous capillaries

115
Q

Where can the continuous capillaries be found?

A

Blood Brain Barrier
Muscles
Connective tissues
Respiratory organs
Exocrine glands

116
Q

A capillary characterized by large openings in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells.

A

Fenestrated capillaries

117
Q

Why do fenestrated capillaries have large openings?

A

Functions for rapid exchange of molecules between blood and tissue

118
Q

A type of capillary that exhibits irregular, tortuous paths and wider diameters.

A

Sinusoid capillaries

119
Q

Distinguishing features of a sinusoid capillary

A

Incomplete or absent basement membrane
Large intercellular clefts

120
Q

Where can sinusoidal capillaries be found?

A

Liver
Spleen
Ant. Pituitary Gland
Bone marrow

121
Q

These blood vessels have thin walls which results in it not being able to maintain its shape

A

Venules

122
Q

Distinguishing features of a venule

A

Loosely organized intercellular junctions

123
Q

What is the function of loosely organized intercellular junctions in a venule?

A

functions as a site of exchange of nutrients and wastes

124
Q

Venules that initially receive blood from the capillaries

A

Post-capillary venules

125
Q

Venules that have thicker walls across which exchanges with interstitial fluid can no longer occur

A

Muscular venules

126
Q

AKA Capacitance vessel

A

Veins

127
Q

Distinguishing features of veins

A

Thick tunica externa
Valves
No internal or externa elastic laminae

128
Q

double set of veins escort the arteries and connect with one another via venous
channels

A

Anastomotic veins

129
Q

Veins that course through the subcutaneous layer unaccompanied by parallel arteries

A

Superficial veins

130
Q

Veins found in between skeletal muscle

A

Deep veins

131
Q

Where can larger superficial veins be found?

A

UE

132
Q

Where can larger deep veins be found?

A

LE

133
Q

Types of veins from smallest to largest

A

Post-capillary venules
Muscular venules
Medium veins
Venous sinuses
Large veins

134
Q

vein with thin endothelial wall

A

vascular sinus

135
Q

Refers to the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body

A

Hemodynamics

136
Q

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a give time period

A

Blood flow

137
Q

Factors that affect blood flow

A

Pressure difference
Resistance to blood flow

138
Q

Determinants of blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
Vascular resistance
Total blood volume

139
Q

Determinants of vascular resistance

A

Lumen size
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length

140
Q

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels

A

Vascular Resistance

141
Q

Relationship of blood viscosity and vascular resistance

A

Directly proportional

142
Q

Relationship of blood vessel length and vascular resistance

A

Directly proportional

143
Q

Refers to all of the vascular resistance offered by systemic blood vessesl

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance

144
Q

another name for Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

Total Peripheral Resistance

145
Q

Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins, occurs due to pressure generated by
contractions of the heart’s left ventricle

A

Venous Return

146
Q

Average pressure difference from venules to RV

A

16 mmHg and 0 mmHg

147
Q

2 types of pump for venous return

A

Skeletal
Respiratory

148
Q

What happens to the proximal and distal valves when a person is standing at rest?

A

both valves are closed

149
Q

What happens to the proximal and distal valves when a person tip toes?

A

Closing of the distal and opening of the proximal

150
Q

What happens in a respiratory pump during inhalation?

A

Decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity
Increased pressure in the abdominal cavity

151
Q

How does blood move during respiratory pump?

A

Once abdominal veins are compressed, a greater volume of blood moves from the compressed abdominal veins to the decompressed thoracic veins to the RA.

152
Q

Pressure of fluid given to walls in all directions

A

Hydrostatic pressure

153
Q

Osmotic pressure by colloids in a solution

A

Oncotic pressure

154
Q

Pressure difference in arterioles

A

Higher hydrostatic pressure
Lower oncotic pressure

155
Q

Pressure difference in venules

A

Lower hydrostatic pressure
Higher oncotic pressure

156
Q

Starling principle

A

Fluid movements between blood and tissue are determined by differences in hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure between plasma and the fluid outside

157
Q

Four Starling’s forces

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
Oncotic pressure in the capillary
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium

158
Q

The movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid

A

Capillary exchange

159
Q

The intermittent contraction of the metarterioles and precapillary sphincters

A

Vasomotion

160
Q

Where does oxygen and nutrients have higher concentration?

A

Blood then diffuses to interstitial fluid

161
Q

Where does carbon dioxide and wastes have higher concentration?

A

Interstitial fluid then diffuses to the blood

162
Q

Blood plasma become enclosed within tiny pinocytic vesicles that first enter endothelial cells by endocytosis.

A

Transcytosis

163
Q

a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction.

A

Bulk flow

164
Q

Twisted, enlarged veins at the skin surface

A

Varicosities

Cardio (15 decks)

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