Pharmacology

Question 1

Why is ceftriaxone contraindicated in infants?

Answer 1

can displace bilirubin from ceftriaxone
can precipitate in lungs in kidneys of infants receiving calcium-containing solutions

Question 2

What has longer half life methadone or heroin?

Answer 2

Methadone 48-72 hours
Heroin 24-48 hours

Question 3

Maternal Valproic acid use can lead to what in infant?

Answer 3

neural tube defects

Question 4

What does Phenytoin do, and what defects does it cause?

Answer 4

Phenytoin gets bioactivated by embryonic prostaglandin H synthase to a free radical, resulting in DNA oxidative damage.

comprises growth retardation, characteristic facies including midfacial hypoplasia and increased risk of cleft lip (CL), limb anomalies specifically hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, small nails, and an increased risk of heart defects.

Question 5

what medicine causes
increased risk of developing growth deficiency, intellectual disability, epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, and a short nose with anteverted nostrils.

Answer 5

phenytoin

Question 6

What is significance if medication is highly protein bound?

Answer 6

It will stay in intravascular space

Question 7

Why do premature infants have greater volume of distribution?

Answer 7

lower protein binding due to lower protein and albumin concentrations.

Question 8

How are drugs modified in Phase 1 reactions?

Answer 8

modified by oxidation, reduction, methylation

Question 9

How are drugs modified in Phase 2 reactions?

Answer 9

conjugation with endogenous compounds like sulfate, glycine

Question 10

In two compartment model which phase has shorter half life distribution phase or elimination phase.

Answer 10

faster in distribution
slower in elimination phase

Question 11

What is first order kinetics

Answer 11

fraction of drug eliminated is constant, independent of drug dose