Pharmacology (w19)

Question 1

What is pharmacology ?

Answer 1

A branch of science that deals with the study of drugs and their actions on living systems.

Question 2

What are the 2 integral branches of pharmacology ?

Answer 2

• pharmacodynamics, PD (what the drug does to the body, drug action and mechanisms)
• pharmacokinetics, PK (what the body does to the drug, Barriers e.g. ADME)

Question 3

What is a drug ?

Answer 3

A chemical with a selective therapeutic action

Question 4

What happens when Adrenaline acts on the cardiovascular system ?

Answer 4

Adrenaline will act on a adrenergic receptor called ‘beta’ 1. This then increases heart rate and also increases cardiac muscles force of contraction.

Question 5

What happens when Adrenaline actin on the respiratory system ?

Answer 5

Adrenaline binds to the adrenergic receptors Calle beta 2 receptors. This then causes the airways to relax and smooth muscles to dilatate.

Question 6

What is the function or right target binding sites ?

Answer 6

Target binding sites (receptors & its subtypes) provides the selectivity for the specific binding of drugs/ligands (LOCK & KEY system)

Question 7

What is the enzyme used for intracellular breakdown and give a drug example …

Answer 7

• enzyme = phosphodiesterase
• drug example = sildenafil (viagra)

Question 8

What is an example of an enzyme used in the process neurotransmitter degradation and give an example of a drug …

Answer 8

• enzyme = Acetylcholine esterase
• drug example = Neostigmine

Question 9

What is the enzyme involves in messenger synthesis, and give and example of a drug …

Answer 9

• enzyme = cyclo-oxygenase
• drug example = ibuprofen (reversible process) or aspirin (irreversible process)

Question 10

Drugs can also act as enzyme substrates …
Give an example of a drug that can do this and a disease it can do it for …

Answer 10

• drug = dopamine precursor (L-DOPA)
• disease = Parkinson’s disease

Question 11

During competitive binding Neostigmine will compete with ______ to bind to the ligand active site of Ach Esterase ?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

During non-competitive binding what happens ?

Answer 12

The drug will bind at a different site of the enzyme to the substrate allowing it to bind at its ligand active site.

Question 13

Which out of aspirin and ibuprofen binds to an enzyme and is reversible and which is irreversible ?

Answer 13

• Aspirin = irreversible
• ibuprofen = reversible

Question 14

What is the function of the transporter in reference to drugs targeting transporters ?

Answer 14

The transporter helps recycle the neurotransmitter e.g. noradrenaline back into the presynaptic neurone .

Question 15

What can block NA uptake (noradrenaline) ?

Answer 15

Cocaine blocks this e.g. TCAs and antidepressants

Question 16

What happens when NA uptake is blocked ?

Answer 16

The bioavailability of noradrenaline Erin the synaptic cleft increases, as less of the neurotransmitter is being recycled buy the transporter protein due to this being blocked. This mean more neurotransmitter binds to the post synaptic membrane receptors and more is absorbed creating a greater response.

Question 17

What are voltage sensors in the membrane dependant on ?

Answer 17

They are dependant on the electronegativity of the membrane and whether it is depolarised or repolarised

Question 18

What blocks sodium channels ?

Answer 18

Lidocaine - a local anaesthetic

Question 19

What are the 4 key types of receptors ?

Answer 19

Key types of receptors
-Nuclear receptors
-Ligand gated ion channel
-Catalytic receptors
-G-protein coupled receptors

Question 20

What are the 4 major classes of drug binding ?

Answer 20

• enzymes
• voltage gates
• receptors
• transporters

Question 21

What are receptors ?

Answer 21

Proteins which respond to a endogenous messenger by initiating a signal

Question 22

What does a receptor do to a signal ?

Answer 22

Receptor amplifies a signal to create a response.