phase 2 cardio

Question 1

ecg abnormality for 1st degree heart block

Answer 1

PR more than 200ms

Question 2

AF rate control options

Answer 2

1. beta blocker
2. calcium channel blocker

Question 3

who should u not give beta blockers to

Answer 3

ppl with asthma

Question 4

treatment for SVT after carotid massage and valsalva manouvere

Answer 4

cardioversion with adenosine or CCB

DC cardioversion is last resort

Question 5

common pathogens for IE

Answer 5

staph aureus and viridans streptococci

viridans found in oral cavity so linked to dental problems

Question 6

what heart defect is common in patisnts with downs syndrome

Answer 6

ventricular septal defect - pansystolic murmur

Question 7

definitive treatment for atrial flutter

Answer 7

catheter ablation

beta blockers are short term

Question 8

what dysfunction does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause

Answer 8

diastolic ventricular dysfunction

Question 9

blood test for hrart failure

Answer 9

NT-proBNP

Question 10

most common cause of secondary hypertension in adults

Answer 10

primary hyperaldosteronism - conns syndrome

Question 11

side effect of statins

Answer 11

muscle pain - myalgia

Question 12

gold standard test for IE

Answer 12

transoesphageal echo

Question 13

treatment for prinzmetals angina

Answer 13

ccb - verapamil

Question 14

most common cause in the elderly of aortic stenosis?

Answer 14

Age related calcification

Question 15

What compensatory change occurs in the structure of the heart in response to aortic stenosis

Answer 15

Left ventricular hypertrophy (1),

because proximal bloodflow in LV needs to generate more force to push blood through stenosed artery – therefore thickened myocardium

Question 16

the pathological Korsakoff heart sound observed in a patient with aortic stenosis

Answer 16

S4

Question 17

3 CARDINAL SIGNS OF HF

Answer 17

shortness of breath (and must say specifically at least one of; paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, orthopnoea),

Ankle swelling,

Fatigue

Question 18

when do u give oxygen in MONA for ACS

Answer 18

O2 is only indicated if sats are <94%.

Question 19

which conditions show st elevetion on ecg

Answer 19

prinzmetal angina
stemi
pericarditis

Question 20

most appropriate diagnostic investigation for aortic stenosis?e

Answer 20

echocardiogram

Question 21

algorithm for anaphylaxis

Answer 21

1. ABCDE
2. Check for obvious potential
   diagnosis
3. Call for help
4. Adrenaline
5. Establish airway / high flow O2 / IV fluid challenge / chlorphenamine / hydrocortisone

Question 22

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 22

Accumulation of lipids, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the intima of large and medium
sized arteries.

Question 23

medical interventions for management of ischaemic heart
disease in a primary care setting

Answer 23

Antihypertensives
Statins
Aspirin

Question 24

symptoms or signs you may find on the history or examination of STEMI

Answer 24

nausea/vomiting, light-headed/dizzy, short of breath, sweating/diaphoresis,
anxiety/dread, palpitations.

Signs – pallor, hypotensive, sweating/diaphoresis

Question 25

define 1st degree heart block

Answer 25

• indicated on an ECG by a prolonged PR interval

Question 26

define embolism

Answer 26

blocked vessel caused by a foreign body e.g. a blood clot or an air bubble

Question 27

effects of raas activation

Answer 27

*Increased sympathetic activity
* Increased tubular reabsorption of Na and Cl. K+ excretion. H2O retention.
* Increased aldosterone secretion resulting in Na reabsorption in DCT.
* Arteriolar vasoconstriction
* ADH secretion leading to H2O reabsorption
* Overall salt and water retention and an increase in BP.