Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Anesthesia 1 > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the type of weaker force that liquid molecules exert BETWEEN/ON each other

A

van der waals forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the pressure exerted by a vapor when, at any one temperature, an equilibrium is reached at which the same number of molecules are vaporizing as are returning to liquid

A

saturated vapor pressure

only within a closed container**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The temperature at which vapor pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure and at which all liquid changes to gas phase

A

boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The higher the boiling point, the greater the chance it will be ___?

A

liquid

it takes longer to reach a gas phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are saturated vapor pressure and boiling point related?

A

inversely

The lower the boiling point, the higher the vapor pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

as temperature rises, does vapor pressure increase or decrease

A

increase

(think, boiling point decreases the hotter it gets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is vapor pressure a function of volume, temperature or pressure?

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the equation for force? newton’s second law?

A

Force= mass x acceleration (F=ma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the force applied over a surface

A

pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the equation for pressure

A

Pressure=force/area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the pressure of 1 newton acting over 1 square meter – N/m2

A

pascal (Pa)

however, kPa is usually used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (ATM) in bar?

A

1 bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (ATM) in kPa?

A

100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (ATM) in mmHg?

A

760

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (ATM) in cmH2O?

A

1034

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (ATM) in psi?

A

14.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is 1kPa in mmHg?

A

7.5*****

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is 1kPa in cmH2O?

A

10.34

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is 1kPa in psi

A

0.147

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

A

absolute pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when an oxygen tank is empty and reads “0” is it 0 gauge pressure or 0 atmospheric pressure*

A

0 gauge pressure

(if pressure was truly 0, it would be collapsed)

the cylinder actually contains O2 at atmospheric pressure or 14.7 psi or 1 bar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are gas-cylinder pressures, art line pressures, ventilator pressures such as peak inspiratory pressures?

A

gauge pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the pneumonic for the gas laws

A

Prince Charles (pressure) had TB (boyle’s temp) and was given Vitamin G (Volume, Gay Lussac’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the law:
At a constant temperature, the volume of a given gas varies inversely with the absolute pressure.

A

boyle’s law of temperature

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the law:
At a constant pressure, the volume of a given gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.

A

charles’ law of pressure

V1 / T1= V2 /T2

example: helium balloons on a mailbox shrink in the cold; inflatable cuff of LMA expands in an autoclave

think VTICU. V comes before T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the law:
At a constant volume, the absolute pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.

A

Gay Lussac’s Law of Volume

P1 / T1 = P2 /T2

think physical therapist. P comes before T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when squeezing an ambu bag, does the pressure go higher or lower

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

is kelvin necessary in the gas laws*

A

YES

kelvin = celcius + 273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The lower the atmospheric pressure, the _____ the boiling point.

A

lower

pressure varies DIRECTLY with temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the law:
In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that it would exert if it was alone in the container.

Partial pressure exerted by any single gas in a combination of gases is directly proportional to its % composition of the gas mixture.

A

dalton’s law of partial pressures

P1 + P2 + P3 = Ptotal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is:
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules (a mole).

A

avogadro’s hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is avogadro’s number:

A

6.022 x 10 to the 23 power

number of atoms/molecules in 1 mole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the ideal gas law

A

PV = nRT

R is the universal gas constant

The gas laws combined with Avogadro’s hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

At STP (standard temp and pressure), one mole of any gas occupies _____ liters

A

22.4 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is STP

A

0 C, 760 mmHg, dry (no water vapor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

is nitrous (N2O) a liquid in a cylinder, except for the vapor at the top ?

A

yes

this is why the pressure gauge does not apply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
With an oxygen cylinder, as the pressure on the gauge decreases, so also does the amount of gas (moles which determines liters).

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the temperature above which no amount of pressure can liquefy a gas

A

critical temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the pressure to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature

A

critical pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does solubility depend on (4 things)

A

-partial pressure of the gas
-temp
-gas
-liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the law:
At a certain temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid

A

henry’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is overpressurizing an example of?**

A

henry’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is this known as?
increase concentration of isoflurane in the blood, the concentration or partial pressure of isoflurane should be increased. This is utilized at the induction of anesthesia when a higher concentration of the anesthetic than necessary for maintenance, or a loading dose, is delivered to speed uptake.

A

overpressurizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what law is this an example of?
breathing air under pressure as scuba diver causes more nitrogen into solution in tissues

A

henry’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is this?
A change in any of the factors in determining an equilibrium causes the system to adjust or reduce or counteract the effect of the change.

A

Le Chatelier’s principle

think about how when you put a pot to boil on the stove, right before it boils it has little air bubbles at the bottom (this is the gas escaping from the liquid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is this an example of?
If patient is cold at the end of an anesthetic, the inhaled anesthetic will be more soluble in the blood, causing the patient to wake up more slowly. (delayed emergence)

A

Le chatelier’s principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the ratio of the amount of substance present in one phase compared with another (the two phases being of equal volume and in equilibrium)

A

partition coefficient

48
Q

what reflects the proportion of the anesthetic that will be absorbed in the blood verses the amount of anesthetic that will leave the blood to diffuse into tissues

A

blood -gas partition coefficient

49
Q

The lower the b-g partition coefficient, the _______ the induction

A

faster

example:
Desmerane gas is .42
this means that .42 dissolved in blood vs 1 dissolved in gas phase. So, it prefers to be in the gas phase.
You want the GAS to build up in the alveoli, then leading to equilibrium with blood, then equilibrium with site of effect.

50
Q

The lower the b-g partition coefficient, the _______ the soluble/solubility

A

lower

Low solubility: would rather be in the gas phase; will cause a patient to go to sleep quicker; and rapid emergence (gas being exhaled)

51
Q

what is the ratio of a gas present in oil verses in the gas state. Indicates how efficiently a gas can access and affect the sites of action.

A

oil-gas partition coefficient

52
Q

The higher the oil-gas coefficient (lipid-solubility), the more _____ the anesthetic gas.

example: 243.0

A

potent

Fat is an important component in cell membranes and neurons. Solubility of gases can be measured in oil which is similar to fat in tissues.

53
Q

The continual movement of molecules among each other in liquids or in gases.

A

diffusion

54
Q

Diffusion occurs from areas of _____ concentration to areas of _____ concentration.

A

HIGH to LOW

ALWAYS

55
Q

which law says if there is a greater difference it will diffuse faster

A

henry’s law

56
Q

Diffusion is _______ proportional to pressure gradient (P1-P2 OR ΔP) of the gas

A

directly

the higher the pressure, the greater the diffusion

57
Q

Diffusion is _______ proportional to surface area (A) of the gas

A

directly

the greater the surface area, the greater the diffusion

58
Q

Diffusion is _____ proportional to solubility (S) of the gas

A

directly

the higher the solubility, the greater the diffusion

59
Q

Diffusion is _____ proportional to thickness of the membrane (d)

A

indirectly

the greater the thickness, the less diffusion

60
Q

Diffusion is _____ proportional to size of the molecule (MW)

A

indirectly

the greater the size of the molecule, the slower the diffusion

61
Q

what law is:
The rate of diffusion of a substance across unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient.

A

D ∞ ΔP x A x S divided by
d x (square root of MW)

Fick’s Law

62
Q

what law:
explains concentration effect, second gas effect, diffusion hypoxia, expanded air-filled spaces with nitrous**

A

fick’s law

63
Q

what is an example of a gas that follows fick’s law?

A

nitrous oxide

1) second gas effect:
Nitrous is a carrying effect, nitrous will move into the blood phase, sebo will build up faster in the alveoli

2) diffusion hypoxia: eliminated so rapidly that it dilutes the alveolar concentration causing the PaO2 to drop. to prevent this from occurring, administer 100% oxygen at the conclusion of the anesthetic when the nitrous is being eliminated.

3) movement to air-filled cavities: pneumothorax (air somewhere it is not supposed to be); nitrous will move in 34x faster than nitrogen can move out, the air filled space will grow; non expandable spaces will increase pressure

64
Q

what are examples of cases to not use nitrous oxide due to fick’s laws effects

A

-ear graft
-pneumothorax
-intestinal surgeries

65
Q

what law is:
the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

A

graham’s law

D ∞ 1 divided by
the square root of the MW

(think, graham cheated and just used a little bit of fick’s law)

66
Q

internal attractive forces between like molecules trying to stick together in the smallest shape possible

A

cohesion
(mercury, convex)

67
Q

Attractive forces between unlike molecules trying to stick to something different

A

adhesion
(water, concave)

68
Q

Heating ______ surface tension.

A

lowers

69
Q

Cohesive forces at the surface of a liquid that tend to keep liquid in the most compact form?

A

surface tension

70
Q

what is the pressure in liquids, static (not moving)

A

P= h x dw
(P= height of column x density weight of liquid)

think of an art line is not very compressible, essentially static, so that pressure can be transmitted easier

71
Q

what is the number to
convert cm H2O to mmHg: 0.___

A

0.74 x ___ H2O = _____ mmHg

72
Q

what is the number to
convert mmHg to H2O: ____

A

1.36 x _____mmHg= ____H2O

73
Q

what is:
The quantity of a fluid passing a point in a given time.

A

flow
F= Quantity / time
F= Q/t

74
Q

Fluid movement in smooth layers with no turbulence or eddies.
Usually moves in smooth straight channel at low rates of flow.

A

laminar

75
Q

Flow is ______ in the center; as it comes closer to the wall of the channel, it becomes _______.

A

Flow is greatest in the center; as it comes closer to the wall of the channel, it becomes slower.

76
Q

Flow is no longer smooth, but with swirls, eddies.

resistance is increased.

requires greater pressure gradient.

A

turbulent flow

77
Q

when does laminar flow change to turbulent flow?

A

when critical velocity is reached, direction is changed, diameter is abruptly changed, or flow is obstructed, resistance is increased.

examples: kink in ET tube, stop-cock, Y connector of circuit kink

78
Q

Resistance is what 4 things

A

1) Diameter/radius of the channel (r)
2) Length of the channel (L)
3) Nature of the flow – laminar vs. turbulent
4) Viscosity of the fluid (n)

79
Q

what is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation derivative

A

deals with resistance

Resistance = 8nL/πr(to the fourth power)

-n is viscosity which is directly proportional to resistance
-L is the length of the channel which is directly proportional to resistance
-8 is a constant
-r is radius of the channel which is inversely proportional to the resistance to the fourth power.

80
Q

what will have the biggest impact on flow

A

radius

81
Q

who is more effected by edema in airway, infant or adult?

A

infant

smaller radius

82
Q

can Poiseuille’s law be used to predict resistance to flow once turbulence occurs?

A

NO

83
Q

what is:
Given a channel with a narrowing which then increases, the pressure measured along the channel is lowest at the narrowest point, often below atmospheric.

Narrowing causes increased velocity, thus increased kinetic energy. To maintain unchanged sum of energy, the potential energy must decrease.

A

bernoulli effect

(think venturi, both end in “i”)
plane movement

84
Q

as kinetic energy (velocity) increases, potential energy (pressure) __________

A

decreases

85
Q

surfactant lowers surface tension in alveoli and prevents the effects of _____ Law

A

Laplace’s Law

(think, you are tense when you work in law)

86
Q

what law is:
Relationship of wall tension, pressure, and radius of cylinders (vessels) and spheres (ventricles and alveoli*)

A

Laplace’s law

Cylinders: Tension = Pressure x radius
Spheres: 2T = Pr

(think “the last PLACE i want tension is in an aneurysm)

87
Q

what is the kinetic energy of molecules of substance

A

heat

88
Q

1 kCal is equal to

A

1 kcal = C = 4184 joules
energy to increase temperature of 1 kg H2O 1 degree C

1cal= 4.18 joules

89
Q

The parameter used to describe the amount of heat possessed

A

temperature

90
Q

is there a degree sign for kelvin

A

no

91
Q

at this temperature, all atomic motion ceases

A

0 kelvin

92
Q

Heat is a form of energy and can be converted to other forms of energy, but neither created nor destroyed.

A

1st law of thermodynamics

93
Q

Heat always flows from warmer to cooler. There must exist a difference in temperature and the two things must be in contact.

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

94
Q

what are the 4 methods of heat transfer

A

Conduction

Radiation

Convection

Evaporation

95
Q

Heat movement through a substance by the transfer of kinetic energy from molecule to molecule.

A

conduction

metals are GREAT, air is POOR

2% heat loss for patients

96
Q

Heat transferred from warmer to cooler objects by emission and absorption of energy radiated in varying wavelengths.

A

radiation

97
Q

what accounts for the largest percentage of normal heat loss from the body

A

radiation
40%

98
Q

Heat transfer occurs by moving fluid (liquid or gas).

A

convection
32%

bair hugger
wind chill

99
Q

heat transfer by vaporization of moisture on the skin’s surface.

A

evaporation
28%

surgical wounds
respiratory tract
sweating

100
Q

the heat required to change liquid into vapor (gas)

A

Latent heat of vaporization

101
Q

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 kelvin.

A

specific heat capacity

102
Q

Energy required to convert 1 kg of a substance from one phase to another at a given temperature (J/kg).

A

specific latent heat

103
Q

the heat required to change a solid to a liquid

A

Latent heat of fusion

104
Q

what effect is this?
When volatile inhalation agents change from liquid to vapor, it requires heat, causing the remaining liquid and the walls of the vaporizer to cool (lose heat)

When a N2O (nitrous) cylinder is allowed to empty rapidly, the cylinder becomes very cold and the water vapor from the surrounding air freezes on the cylinder.

A

Joule Thompson effect

(think “Joule is cool”)

105
Q

what determines the isotope and the stability of the nucleus (proton, neutron, or electron)?

A

neutron

106
Q

what determines the element (proton, neutron, or electron)?

A

proton

107
Q

what happens with an unstable isotope

A

Beta particle (electron) may be emitted.
The nucleus may attract and capture an electron.
Alpha particle is lost consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
The nucleus may split into several parts

108
Q

what type of electromagnetic radiation:
releases energy by removing electrons from atoms in tissues.
Creates ions that are very chemically reactive and very hazardous.
Includes x-rays and gamma rays released by radioactive isotopes.

A

ionizing

109
Q

what type of electromagnetic radiation:
Discharges its energy without creating ions or removing electrons from atoms in tissues.

Includes infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation as utilized with lasers.

LASER – light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

A

nonionizing

110
Q

IONIZING:

the intensity of scattered radiation is _______ proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

A

inversely

Distance is the best form of protection: at least 3 feet away.

111
Q

what helps prevent ionizing radiation

A

distance

time

shielding

112
Q

what is the maximum yearly occupational exposure to ionizing radiation

A

5000 mrem OR 5 rem

pregnancy <500 mrem

113
Q

what types of cells are most susceptible to radiation?

A

actively dividing cells

tumors and fetal cells

114
Q

what helps prevent nonionizing radiation

A

eyewear (including the patient!)

instruments that are nonreflective (matte)

filter mask (debris size range from 0.1 to 0.8 um), HPV and HIV can be found in the plume

115
Q

what is
solubility increases with decreasing temp

A

Le Chateliers Principle

Principles of Anesthesia 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions