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Vascular II & Physics II > Physics Ch. 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Physics Ch. 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The slope of the electrical spike line determines the ______ of the sound beam

A

steer direction

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2
Q

How many elements are in a mechanical transducer

A

one single, circular, disc shaped

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3
Q

If the spike line is straight (no curve) the sound beam will be

A

unfocused

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4
Q

Focusing may occur during

A

both transmission and reception

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5
Q

Phased array always means ______ or “multi focus”

A

adjustable

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6
Q

The _____ pattern controls the steering of the beam and the ______ pattern controls the focusing of the beam

A

slope, curved

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7
Q

If the right electrical spike excites the right active element first, followed by the next and so on, the beam will be steered in what direction

A

left

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8
Q

Can focusing only be performed during transmission

A

no

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9
Q

What type of transducer creates a trapezoidal-shaped image

A

vector

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10
Q

What type of transducer is comprised of multiple ring-shaped elements

A

annular

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11
Q

What type of transducer creates a rectangular-shaped image

A

linear sequential

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12
Q

What type of transducer creates a blunted sector-shaped image

A

curvilinear

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13
Q

With which type of transducer with a damaged PZT crystal results in a horizontal band of dropout in the image

A

annular

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14
Q

What affect is there on the ultrasound image if there is one crystal damaged, using a mechanical transducer

A

entire image is lost

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15
Q

Temporal resolution is determined by

A

frame rate

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16
Q

Two sonographer-controlled settings of an ultrasound system that determine frame rate are:

A

imaging depth, # pulses per picture

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17
Q

Deep imaging will result in a _______ go-return time, a ______ T frame, a _____ frame rate and ______ temporal resolution

A

long, longer, lower, inferior

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18
Q

What results from using multi-focus: pulses per scan line, t frame, frame rate, temporal resolution, lateral resolution

A

many, longer, lower, inferior, improved

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19
Q

Use of a narrower sector will result in a _____ frame rate

A

higher

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20
Q

High line density will result in _____ pulses per frame, ______ frame rate, _____ temporal resolution and ______ spatial resolution

A

more, lower, inferior, superior

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21
Q

time frame x frame rate=

A

1

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22
Q

Time frame and frame rate are _____ related

A

inversely

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23
Q

What is the frame rate if each image of the ultrasound system is created in 0.02 sec (1/50 sec)

A

50 Hz

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24
Q

An annular phased array transducer uses ______ steering and _____ focusing

A

mechanical, beam

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25
Name 3 things that the pulser determines
amplitude, PRP, PRF
26
During transmission transforms electrical energy into acoustic energy and during reception, converts acoustic energy into electrical energy
transducer
27
Maintains and organizes the proper timing and interaction of the system's components
master synchronizer
28
Transforms the electrical signals from the transducer into a form suitable for display
receiver
29
Archives the ultrasound studied
storage
30
Presents processed data
Display
31
Determines the amplitude, PRP, PRF
pulser
32
Determines the firing delay patterns for phased array systems
Beam former
33
Increasing ______ is the most common to improve (increase) the signal-to-noise ratio
output power
34
What are the 5 operations of the receiver (in appropriate order)
amplification, compensation, compression, demodulation, reject
35
Are all electrical signals in the receiver affected identically by amplification
yes
36
Compensation is also known as ______ compensation, ______ gain compensation and _____ gain
time-gain, depth, swept
37
Regarding the TGC curve, what is the region where compensation corrects for the effects of increasing attenuation that result from increasing path length (depth)
slope
38
What is the function of the receiver that keeps an image's gray scale content within the range of detection of the human eye
compression
39
What are the 2 processes that occur during demodulation
rectification, smoothing/enveloping
40
What effect does demodulation have on the ultrasound image
none
41
The rejection function affects ______ echoes, regardless of their location
low-level
42
Based on the ALARA principle when modifications to either output power or receiver gain can improve the diagnostic quality of an image: if an image is too dark you should first increase _______
receiver gain
43
Compensation creates an image that is uniformly bright from
top to bottom
44
A ______ is made up of a single PZT active element in the transducer, the electronics in the beam former/pulser and the wire that connects them
channel
45
Does the beam former function with array transducers during transmission, reception, or both
both
46
The beam former adjusts electrical spike voltages to reduce lobe artifacts in a process called
apodization
47
Lateral resolution improves with
multi-focusing
48
Spatial resolution improves with
higher line density
49
What form of resolution improves when frame rate increases
temporal (directly related)
50
What is consistent with improved temporal resolution
frame rate
51
A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound scan to double the depth of view from 5cm to 10cm. What happens to the frame rate
It is halved
52
A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound scan to double the depth of view from 5 cm to 10 cm. Is the frame rate remains the same, which one of the following also occurs
narrow sector
53
A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound machine to change the sector size from 90 to 45 degrees. Nothing else changes. What happens to the frame rate
Is is doubled
54
A sonographer adjusts an ultrasound system to change the sector size from 90 to 45 degrees. The frame rate was unchanged. What else must have happened
line density was doubled
55
A sonographer, using a phased array ultrasound system, turns off the multi-focus feature. What is the most likely consequence of this action
temporal resolution improves
56
A sonographer increases the line density from 1 line per degree of sector to 3 lines per degree of sector. What is the most likely consequence of this action
temporal resolution decreases
57
A sonographer reduces the sector angle from 90 degrees to 30 degrees. At the same time, the ultrasound system automatically increases the line density from 1 line per degree to two lines per degree. No other changes are made. What will happen to the frame rate
increases
58
A sonographer reduces the sector angle from 90 degrees to 30 degrees. At the same time, the ultrasound system automatically increases the line density from 1 line per degree to 3 lines per degree. No other changes are made. What will happen to temporal resolution
remains unchanged
59
What is most important in determining the frame rate of a system
speed of sound in the medium
60
What is the frame rate if each image of the ultrasound system is created in 0.02 sec (1/50 sec)
50 Hz
61
What is the time needed to make a single image if the frame rate of an ultrasound system is 20 Hz
0.05 s
62
T/F. The critical factor in determining frame rate, line density, and imaging depth is the transducer style
False, time
63
T/F. The number of lines per frame and the frame rate determine the frequency
False, PRF
64
T/F. The number of lines per frame and frame rate determine the PRF
true
65
T/F. If the imaging depth of a scan is 15cm and there are 100 lines in the image, then the number of pulses making up the scan is 100
true
66
T/F. If 100 scan lines make up an image and the frame rate is 30 per second, then the system's PRF is 3000 Hz
true
67
When the frame rate is 30 Hz, how long does it take to create a frame
1/30 sec
68
Under certain conditions, an ultrasound system creates each image in 0.01 seconds. What is the frame rate
100 Hz
69
What is the fundamental limitation of temporal resolution
speed of sound in the medium
70
This type of pulser generates a constant electrical signal in the form of a sine wave
continuous wave
71
This type of pulser generates a single electrical spike, which ultimately creates a single sound pulse
pulsed wave, single crystal
72
This type of pulser generates numerous electrical spikes, which ultimately create a single sound pulse
pulsed wave, phased array
73
The acoustic power of a sound beam emitted from a transducer is determined by the _____ of the pulser's signal
voltage
74
T/F. Amplification processes all reflected signals in a similar manner
true
75
T/F. Compensation processes all reflected signals in a similar manner
false, barely compensated from shallow

Vascular II & Physics II (21 decks)

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