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eMRCS questions > Physiology Endocrine Book > Flashcards

Physiology Endocrine Book Flashcards

1
Q

Factors promoting GH production

A

Hypoglycaemia
Deep sleep- circadian pattern
Trauma
Haemorrhage
Fever
Exercise
Pain

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2
Q

GH metabolic functions

A

Anti insulin
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

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3
Q

Metabolic function of cortisol

A

Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis

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4
Q

Cortisol effect on immune system

A

Inhibits complement
Inhibits T cell reproduction

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5
Q

Levels of cortisol throughout the day

A

Diurnal
Highest in morning
Lowest at midnight

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6
Q

What stimulates cortisol

A

Stress (trauma, infection, fear, pain)

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7
Q

ANP effect on aldosterone

A

Inhibits renin and therefore aldosterone

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8
Q

Where aldosterone takes effect and what metabolic effect it causes

A

DCT
Metabolic alkalosis

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9
Q

Difference in biochem of primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

1- high aldo low renin
2- high renin

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10
Q

Which organ can freely uptake glucose without inuslin

A

Brain

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11
Q

Other stimulants of insulin release

A

Fatty acids
Ketone bodies
Parasympathetic
Gastrin
CCK
Prostaglandin

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12
Q

Insulin effects on metabolism

A

Protein synthesis
Inhibits protein breakdown
Inhibits lipolysis

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13
Q

Proportion of K that is intracellular

A

98%

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14
Q

Production of Vit D

A

7 dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol by UV
Converted to 25 in liver and 1,25 in kidney

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15
Q

Where ADH is produced and where it effects

A

Posterior pituitary
Effects DCT

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16
Q

Physiological effects of GH, prolactin and oxytocin

A

GH- secretion of ILGF1
Prolactin- milk production and breast development
Oxytocin- uterine contraction and milk secretion

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17
Q

Cushing disease vs syndrome

A

Disease- pituitary - ACTH high/normal in dex suppression
Syndrome- any cause of high cortisol

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18
Q

Ectopic vs Cushing disease vs adrenal adenoma dex suppression

A

Ectopic- high ACTH, high cortisol (since produces ACTH that doesn’t have neg feedback)
Disease- normal ACTH, low cortisol only on high dex
Adenoma- low ACTH, high cortisol

19
Q

Production of ACTH and MSH

A

POMC cleaved to form MSH and ACTH

20
Q

Systemic complications of burns

A

Hypovolaemia
Hyperkalaemia and hypocalcaemia
Hypothermia
SIRS
Gastric ulceration
Coagulopathy
Haemolysis

21
Q

What electrolyte disturbances are associated with high Mg

A

Hyperkalaemia and hypercalaemia

22
Q

Causes of high Mg

A

CKD
Hypothyroid
Addisons

23
Q

Tx of High Mg

A

Calcium gluconate- protects cardiac and neuromuscular (can cause resp depression)
Diuretics

24
Q

Causes of low Mg

A

Malnutrition
Diarrhoea
Excessive Alcohol
Loop diuretics
Acute pancreatitis

25
Q

ECG effects of low Mg

A

Prolonged PR
Prolonged QT
Broad flat T

26
Q

Normal range of Mg

A

0.7- 1

27
Q

Where is majority of Mg located

A

Bone

28
Q

Sx of hyperMg

A

Bradycardia
Sluggsih tendon reflexes

29
Q

ECG changes of hyperK

A

Tented T waves
small p
Wide QRS

30
Q

ECG changes of low K

A

Small/intverted T waves
U waves
Prolonged PR ST depression

31
Q
A
32
Q

Serotonin effects

A

Vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

33
Q

Insulin relation to injury

A

Low in ebb phase
Increase in flow phase
Hyperglycaemia due to resistance

34
Q

CV, neural and endo effects of cortisol

A

Increase vascular tone with vasopressors

Euphoria

Increase effect of T3- maintain body temp

35
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Bronchoconstriction
Blood vessel dilation and permeability increase
Increase gastric acid

36
Q

Example of stressors that increase cortisol

A

Prolonged exercise
Prolonged starvation

37
Q

Cortisol effect on glucose

A

Increase glucagon
Decrease insulin

38
Q

Cortisol effect on nitrogen

A

Increased protein breakdown
Increased excretion

39
Q

Metabolic effects of catabolic state

A

Glycogen stores broken
Insulin falls- resistance
Cortisol raised
Increased urinary nitrogen due to protein breakdown
Increase FA oxidation- lipolysis

40
Q

Composition of Ca in body

A

99% bone

Of free 40% bound to albumin
60%- importance

Normal levels 2.2-2.6

41
Q

Which hormone does dopamine effect

A

Inhibits Prolactin

42
Q

Water and sodium in hypo, euvolaemic and hyper hyponatraemia and causes

A

Hypo- lower water but sodium lower- diarrhoea, Addisons

Euv- Water levels increase but sodium remains the same - SIADH, hypothyroid, cushing

Hyper- sodium increases but water increases more- cirrohis, HF, nephrotic

43
Q
A

eMRCS questions (45 decks)

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