Physiology of Joints

Question 1

What are the three main types of joints in the human skeleton and what are some examples?

Answer 1

1. Synovial
   - Diarthrosis
   - Bones separated by a cavity (containing synovial fluid) and united by a fibrous capsule
   -
2. Fibrous
   - Synarthrosis
   - Bones of skulls in adults

3.Cartilaginous
- Amphiarthrosis
- Limited movement
- Intervertebral Discs; Pubic symphsis; Part of the sacroiliac joints; Costochondral joints

Question 2

What is the overall physiological functions of joints and what is the role of joints during purposeful movement?

Question 3

What is the general structure of synovial joints?

Question 4

What are the main functions and characteristics of the synovial fluid?

Question 5

Compare the gross appearance and compositions of the synovial fluid in health and disease

Answer 5

In diseases like osteoarthritis, properties of synovial fluid become defective

Question 6

What are the main functions and general structure of articular cartilage?

Answer 6

• ## Provides a low friction lubricated gliding surface (helps prevent wear-and-tear)

Question 7

What are the mechanical properties of its major components?

Question 8

What can cause joint disease?

Question 9

What may go wrong in a joint?

Answer 9

Osteoarthritis - Cartilage and synovial composition and function deteriorate with age and repeated wear and tear
- Cyst formation
- Sclerosis in subchondral bone
- Osteophyte formation

Rheumatoid arthritis - Synovial cell proliferation and inflammation

Gouty arthritis - Deposition of salt crystals e.g. uric acid

Soft tissue rheumatism - injury and inflammation to periarticular structures e.g. injury to the tendon causes tendonitis