Physiology- Respiratory part II

Question 0

Why is it beneficial for lungs to vasoconstrict when there is a drop in oxygen

Answer 0

Forces blood to parts of the lungs that are getting better air flow; keeps blood away from dead space

Question 1

When does vasoconstriction occur in pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

When oxygen levels drop

Question 2

Ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 2

Volume of air perfused in alveoli/BF

Amount of air ventilating an area of lung relative to amount of blood flow that area receives

Question 3

Ideal ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 3

1.0 (perfect matching)

Question 4

Actual ventilation/perfusion ratio in healthy people

Answer 4

~.8

Question 5

Why healthy people typically have ratios of ~.8

Answer 5

When standing, gravity causes more blood to flow to bottom of lungs

Question 6

What happens to VA/Q when there is blockage of air supply to an area of the lung

Answer 6

Decreases

Question 7

What happens to tidal volume when there is a blockage of air supply to an area of the lungs

Answer 7

Does not decrease, just gets redistributed

Question 8

Embolus

Answer 8

Anything blocking a blood vessel

Question 9

What happens to VA/Q when there is decreased BF to an area of the lungs

Answer 9

Increases (because VA stays the same, but Q decreases)

Question 10

Positive cooperativity

Answer 10

As one oxygen attaches, it makes it easier for others to attach

Question 11

Positive cooperatively is a property of what blood protein?

Answer 11

Hemoglobin

Question 12

Why is it important for hemoglobin to have the property of positive cooperativity?

Answer 12

Allows hemoglobin to load oxygen very rapidly and lose it very rapidly

Question 13

What will happen to the association/dissociation curve of oxygen and hemoglobin in skeletal muscle that is exercising?

Answer 13

It will shift to the right

Question 14

Why is it valuable for the association/dissociation curve of oxygen and hemoglobin to shift to the right during exercise?

Answer 14

Increases the rapid release of carbon dioxide

Question 15

Amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin depends on

Answer 15

Amount of oxygen in tissue (PO2)

Question 16

Three forms of transportation of carbon dioxide

Answer 16

Physically dissolved
Carbamino compounds
Bicarbonate

Question 17

Feedback loop of respiration

Answer 17

Inspiratory cells are self stimulating–> activate muscles of breathing
Inspirational cells–> gradually stimulate expiratory cells–> inhibit inspiratory cells
Pneumotaxic center–> inhibits inspiratory cells

Question 18

What can the respiratory center be altered by

Answer 18

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 19

What do the chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 19

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
pH
Carbon dioxide in tissue fluid (PCO2)
Oxygen in tissue fluid (PO2)

Question 20

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 20

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

Question 21

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 21

Medulla

Question 22

Peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to

Answer 22

Oxygen

Question 23

Central chemoreceptors are more sensitive to

Answer 23

Carbon dioxide

Question 24

What will stimulate an increased rate and depth of breathing

Answer 24

Decreased PO2 Increased PCO2 Decreased pH (increased acidity)

Question 25

What is lungs role in acid-base control

Answer 25

Alters carbon dioxide levels

Question 26

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

pH below 7.4 due to a metabolic process

Question 27

What will lungs do in response to metabolic acidosis

Answer 27

Increase rate and depth of breathing

Question 28

What will kidneys want to do in response to metabolic acidosis

Answer 28

Get rid of hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate

Question 29

Examples of when metabolic acidosis happens

Answer 29

Long term exercise | Diabetes

Question 30

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 30

pH above 7.4 due to a metabolic process

Question 31

What will kidneys want to do in response to metabolic alkalosis

Answer 31

Conserve hydrogen | Lose bicarbonate

Question 32

What will the lungs do in response to metabolic alkalosis

Answer 32

Not much of an option to conserve carbon dioxide due to need for gas exchange

Question 33

What can cause metabolic alkalosis

Answer 33

Bulimia or chronic vomiting | Antacid abuse

Question 34

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 34

pH above 7.4 due to respiratory system

Question 35

What will kidneys want to do in response to respiratory alkalosis

Answer 35

Kidneys will not have much of an effect because this is typically an acute situation and the kidneys have slow action

Question 36

What will the lungs want to do in response to respiratory alkalosis

Answer 36

Conserve carbon dioxide

Question 37

What is an example of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 37

Hyperventilation (decreased carbon dioxide, increased constriction....you will pass out)

Question 38

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 38

pH below 7.4 due to respiratory system

Question 39

What will the kidney want to do in response to respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

Lose hydrogen ions | Conserve bicarbonate

Question 40

What will lungs want to do in response to respiratory acidosis

Answer 40

Lose carbon dioxide | ...but has difficulty with this due to poor gas exchange, so the body relies mostly on kidney; lungs malfunction

Question 41

What can cause respiratory acidosis

Answer 41

``` Emphysema Hypoventilation (drug overdose, head trauma, heat stroke) ```