Plant anatomy

Question 1

Vegetative morphology

Answer 1

refers to all non-reproductive parts of a plant

Question 2

How many species of green plants are there?

Answer 2

500,000

Question 3

Who was the first to develop a nomenclatural system? What was it called?

Answer 3

-Linnaeus
-Species Plantarum

Question 4

Tree and shrub are a gradation of aborecent habits with a ____.

Answer 4

woody stem

Question 5

What’s the difference between a tree and a shrub?

Answer 5

an arbitrary decision on size

Question 6

What makes a woody plant?

Answer 6

its ability to undergo secondary growth in the vascular cambium

Question 7

What are the layers of xylem/phloem in a woody plant from center outwards? Whats in between them?

Answer 7

primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem

Question 8

What defines an herb? How common are they?

Answer 8

-a diverse assemblage of non-woody habits
-most plants are herbs

Question 9

Vines

Answer 9

a general term for any climbing plant, can be woody or herbaceous

Question 10

Lianas (where are they common)?

Answer 10

-a subset of vine which is always woody
-tropics

Question 11

Perennial (what classes does this include?)

Answer 11

-long lived
-all woody plants & many herbs

Question 12

Annual (what classes does this include?)

Answer 12

-lifespan of ~1 year
-includes many herbs, but no woody plants

Question 13

Biannual

Answer 13

lifespan ~2 years

Question 14

How can you tell if an herb is an annual or perennial?

Answer 14

root system/rhizome

Question 15

Are annuals or perennials more common?

Answer 15

annuals

Question 16

Taproot

Answer 16

Primary root system derived from the root radicle. Usually there is one, large root axis.

Question 17

Fibrous roots

Answer 17

roots that never undergo lateral growth

Question 18

Adventitious roots

Answer 18

not derived from the radicle

Question 19

Shoot

Answer 19

the entirety of an above ground growth (stem & leaf)

Question 20

Are there different kinds of shoots?

Answer 20

Yes, they can differentiate into long and short based on internode length

Question 21

Axillary buds

Answer 21

buds appearing in the leaf axils

Question 22

Terminal buds

Answer 22

appear at the end of a shoot

Question 23

Stipule

Answer 23

A leafy structure sometimes paired on either side of the leaf at the axils. Sometimes they dry up, fall off, & leave a scar behind.

Question 24

Petiole

Answer 24

the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem

Question 25

Pulvinus

Answer 25

an inflated portion at either the base of the petiole or the part that connects to the leaf

Question 26

Blade

Answer 26

the leaf

Question 27

Adaxial surface

Answer 27

upper side of the leaf

Question 28

Abaxial surface

Answer 28

lower side of the leaf

Question 29

Apex

Answer 29

point of the leaf

Question 30

What does a leaf scar tell you?

Answer 30

-the plant is deciduous -the shape can be indicative of species and the position of the leaf

Question 31

What does the alternate leaf arrangement look like?

Answer 31

one leaf at each node, altering on either side of the stem

Question 32

What does the opposite leaf arrangement look like?

Answer 32

two leaves at each node on opposite sides of the stem

Question 33

What does the whorled leaf arrangement look like?

Answer 33

three or more leaves per node

Question 34

Phyllotaxy

Answer 34

counting the rows of leaves

Question 35

Even pinnate vs odd pinnate

Answer 35

Both have opposite leaf arrangement, with even ending the branch with two leaves and odd ending the branch with one terminal leaf.

Question 36

Palmate

Answer 36

more than 3 leaflets attached at a single point

Question 37

Trifoliolate

Answer 37

three leaflets attached at a single point

Question 38

Unifoliolate

Answer 38

one leaf on the end of a branch

Question 39

Twice pinnate (bipinnate)

Answer 39

a main stem with multiple other stems growing off of it as if they were leaves in a pinnate pattern

Question 40

What's the most common type of leaf complexity?

Answer 40

simple

Question 41

Simple leaf

Answer 41

leaf not dissected to the midrib (can be highly dissected or lobed as long as it's not fully dissected)

Question 42

Palmatifid

Answer 42

(palmately divided) with lobes cut palmately ¾ to almost completely to the midrib

Question 43

Pinnatifid

Answer 43

(pinnately divided) with lobes cut pinnately ¾ to almost completely to the midrib

Question 44

Lenticels

Answer 44

epidermal stem organs used for gas exchange

Question 45

What is the central portion of the stem called? What is its most common form?

Answer 45

-pith -simple, solid

Question 46

Tendrils

Answer 46

any twining organ, can be derived from lots of different things

Question 47

Spines

Answer 47

modified leaves or leaf parts

Question 48

Prickles

Answer 48

epidermal outgrowths

Question 49

Thorns

Answer 49

modified shoots/stems

Question 50

What are the distinguishing characteristics of spines?

Answer 50

-grows at a node -multiple stacked on each other (sometimes)

Question 51

What are the distinguishing characteristics of prickles?

Answer 51

grows between nodes

Question 52

What are the distinguishing characteristics of thorns?

Answer 52

grows out the axil of the leaf

Question 53

Isodiametric

Answer 53

veins that are all the same size

Question 54

Dichotomous

Answer 54

veins that split evenly in two

Question 55

Reticulate venation

Answer 55

tertiary venation that looks like city blocks

Question 56

Scalariform venation

Answer 56

tertiary venation that looks like a ladder

Question 57

Ovate

Answer 57

wide near base

Question 58

Obovate

Answer 58

wide near apex

Question 59

Elliptic

Answer 59

wide near middle

Question 60

Oblong

Answer 60

wide near middle with straight-ish sides

Question 61

Filiform

Answer 61

needle-like leaves

Question 62

Acute

Answer 62

leaf tip/base less than 90º

Question 63

Obtuse

Answer 63

leaf tip/base more than 90º

Question 64

Emarginate vs retuse

Answer 64

cleft at the leaf tip wider cleft vs narrower cleft

Question 65

Attenuate vs acuminate

Answer 65

-slowly narrowing tip, curving in -longer -shorter

Question 66

Truncate

Answer 66

the apex is flattened

Question 67

Mucronate

Answer 67

the apex has a tiny hair-like appendage

Question 68

Peltate

Answer 68

the base is fused to itself, umbrella-like

Question 69

Cordate/lobate

Answer 69

-lobed at the base, heart-shaped -lobate has deeper lobes than cordate

Question 70

Truncate

Answer 70

flattened at the base

Question 71

Decurrent

Answer 71

base of the leaf blends into the pediole

Question 72

Sagitate

Answer 72

Arrowhead shaped leaf

Question 73

Asymmetric

Answer 73

different on either side of the attachment point

Question 74

Entire

Answer 74

no teeth

Question 75

Serrate

Answer 75

teeth pointing in a direction

Question 76

Doubly serrate

Answer 76

the teeth have teeth

Question 77

Dentate

Answer 77

broad teeth that are more symmetrical than serrate

Question 78

Erose

Answer 78

nonsense margin

Question 79

Crenate

Answer 79

gentle, rounded teeth

Question 80

Undulate

Answer 80

wavy

Question 81

Revolute

Answer 81

curled over to the underside

Question 82

Glabrous

Answer 82

no hairs

Question 83

Glaucous

Answer 83

the blue-white waxy covering over succulents

Question 84

Stelle

Answer 84

star-shaped hairs

Question 85

Urticating

Answer 85

sharp hairs filled with irritating chemicals

Question 86

Peltate

Answer 86

umbrella-shaped, scale-like hairs

Question 87

Domatia

Answer 87

clusters of hairs in axis of veins

Question 88

Uncinate

Answer 88

recurved hair tips, hookers

Question 89

Stipitate glands

Answer 89

glands on a stalk

Question 90

Sessile glands

Answer 90

glands in the leaf

Question 91

Pellucid glands

Answer 91

glands in the mesophyll

Question 92

Multicellular glands

Answer 92

bigger glands that will commonly secrete sugar to attract ants for protection