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Angiosperms Flashcards

Major angiosperm families (89 cards)

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1
Q

What three families/orders are in ANITA grade?

A

Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales

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2
Q

What are the 5 common traits of modern plants? Are these features synapomorphies or symplesiomorphies?

A
  • Floral parts numerous and free
  • Perianth of “tepals”
  • Aromatic oils (aka, etherial oils)
  • Mostly woody
  • Mostly alternate, simple leaves
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3
Q

Which family is sister to flowering plants?

A

Amborellaceae

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4
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: shrubs
* Dioecious
* Aggregate of drupes

A

Amborellaceae

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5
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: aquatic herbs
* Rhizomes
* Leaves with long petioles and floating blades
* Many petaloid stamens
(staminodes) that look
like tepals
* Fused carpels in a ring
* Roots with transverse air spaces

A

Nymphaeaceae

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6
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: shrubs, vines
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Often smelling of anise (licorice)
* Solitary flowers
* Follicles in a single whorl in Illicium (resembling a crown)
* Unorganized tepals

A

Schisandraceae

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7
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Stipules encircling stem
* Fuzzy buds
* Solitary, terminal flowers
* Aggregate of samaras
* Aggregate of follicles
* Elongated receptacle
* Crest-shaped stigmas

A

Magnoliaceae

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8
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: trees
* 2-ranked phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate, often obovate with a drip tip
* 3 whorls of tepals, outermost sepal-like
* Ball of stamens
* Seeds with ruminate endosperm
* Aggregate of berries
* Often pollinated by beetles

A

Annonaceae

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9
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: trees, shrubs
* Etherial oils prominent, spicy
* Stems remaining green unusually long
* Spiral phyllotaxy
* Leaves alternate
* Inflorescences present
* Flowers small, usually with 6 tepals, nectar glands
* Stamens dehiscing byf laps
* Drupes subtended by cupules
* Plinervy
* Anthers dehiscing by flaps, with thickened connective tissue

A

Lauraceae

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10
Q

Plinervy

A

leaf with two prominent secondary veins

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11
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: herbs, many epiphytic
* Stem often with scattered vascular bundles
* Sheathing petioles
* Leaf bases often asymmetric, palmate venation
* Spikes with tiny, inconspicuous flowers
* Peperomia

A

Piperaceae

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12
Q

Peperomia

A

epiphytes with succulent leaves

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13
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: herbs or lianas
* Flowers large and showy
* Sepals (tepals) showy, often fused into a long and zygomorphic tube
* Stamens often fused to the style = gynostemium or column
* Capsule with winged seeds

A

Aristolochiaceae

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14
Q

What is the difference in vennation between monocots and eudicots?

A

monocost: scattered
eudicots: ring

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15
Q

What does pollen look like in eudicots?

A

Tricolpate pollen

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16
Q

Do eudicots have etherial oils?

A

no

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17
Q

Name the family:
* Herbs (rarely vines)
* Leaves often compound or finely dissected
* Usually 5 sepals and petals, many stamens, many distinct carpels
* Spurs sometimes present
* Fruits variable but typically aggregates of follicles and achenes

A

Ranunculaceae

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18
Q

Name the family:
* Herbs or shrubs
* Leaves dissected or compound
* Yellow wood (from berberine)
* Single carpel
* Berry
* Flower often white or yellowish and single carpel

A

Berberidaceae

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19
Q

Name the family:
* Herbs
* Laticifers
* Leaves usually lobed or dissected
* Sepals usually 2 & deciduous
* 2 carpels (but can be many)
* Capsules

A

Papaveraceae

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20
Q

Laticifer

A

Large canals that secrete opaque (sometimes colored) sap that often contains “toxic” compounds (latex)

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21
Q

Name the family:
* Trees
* Flaky bark
* Leaves palmately lobed
* Inflorescences globose heads, with many flowers
* Flowers imperfect (separate male and
female)
* 2 carpels (but can be many)
* Achenes subtended by long bristles

A

Plantaceae

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22
Q

Name the family:
* Herbs
* Leaves usually simple, palmate venation, & toothy
* No stipules
* Hypanthium
* Usually 2 carpels, fused
with remnant styles (capsules)

A

Saxifragaceae

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23
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: succulent herbs
* CAM
* Leaves usually simple, opposite or alternate
* Some make plantlets on the margins of leaves
* Sepals and petals fused or not
* Usually 5c arpels, NOT fused with remnant styles (follicles)

A

Crassulaceae

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24
Q

Name the family:
* Habit: small trees
* Leaves 2-ranked, simple, pinnate venation, & crenate/serrate
* Hairs stellate
* Petals may be long, strap-shaped
* Usually 2 carpels, fused with remnant styles (capsules)

A

Hamamelidaceae

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25
Name the family: * Habit: trees * Leaves usually palmately lobed and serrate * Wind-pollinated, flowers not showy * Separate male and female inflorescences * Multiple of capsules * Remnant style branches
Altingiaceae
26
Name the family: * Habit: lianas * Stem with swollen nodes * Leaves often lobed and toothed * Leaf-opposed tendrils * Inflorescences highly branched * Petals deciduous as a “cap” * Stamens opposite the petals * Berry, distinctive seeds
Vitaceae
27
Name the family: * Habit: trees, shrubs, herbs * Leaves sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade * Laticifers * Showy bracts common * Flowers often highly reduced, unisexual * Ovaries 3-carpellate,3 styles (each bifid), 1 seed per locule * Schizocarps
Euphorbiaceae
28
Name the family: * Habit: trees, shrubs * Often found in wetland margins * Leaves with salicoid teeth * Tropical members with showy flowers * Temperate members with long, dangly inflorescences, capsules and comose (fluffy) seeds
Salicaceae
29
Salicoid teeth
gland tipped and pointing inward slightly
30
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, trees * Flowers zygomorphic * Short filaments, anthers tightly wrapped around the gynoecium * Stamen forming a special nectar-secreting appendage in spur * 3 carpels, capsule
Violaceae
31
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs * Pellucid dots in leaves * Leaves opposite * Cymes common * Showy,mostly yellow,4-to 5-merous perianths * Many stamens * 3 carpels, capsule
Hypericaceae
32
Name the family: * Habit: vines (mostly), herbs * Tendrils axillary * Glands all over, esp.leaves * Leaves deeply lobed * Epicalyx * Corona * Stamens usually borne on a stalk with the gynoecium (called an androgynophore) * 3 carpels fused in the ovary, but distinct styles! * Berry
Passifloraceae
33
Name the family: * Monophyletic * Habit: herbs,shrubs, trees, vines * Leaves alternate, almost always pinnate, with large stipules (and stiples) and pulvini (and pulvinuli) * Flowers showy * Ovaries 1-carpellate * Legumes
Fabaceae
34
Name the family: * Habit: mostly herbs, but also shrubs, trees, vines * Roots with methyl salicylate (wintergreen) * Leaves simple * Sepals 5,dimorphic * Often 1 fimbriate petal, 2 smaller ones * Stamens dehiscing by pores * Ovaries 2-carpellate,seeds arillate or with hairs * Capsules, rarely samaras or berries
Polygalaceae
35
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, sometimes trees * Leaves compound (“clover” leaves) * Flowers showy, often with differential orientation of androecium and gynoecium (distyly & tristyly) * Ovaries 5-carpellate * Capsules(seeds dispersed ballistically), rarely berries
Oxalidaceae
36
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs, trees, vines * Simple or compound leaves, usually with prominent stipules and teeth * Epicalyx rarely present * Hypanthium present * Many stamens * Carpel number and ovary position variable * Fruits highly variable * Prominent stipules * Compound leaves with teeth
Rosaceae
37
Name the family: * Habit: trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs * Milky latex * Leaves simple, variously lobed * Prominent stipules,usually encircling the stem * Stamens opposite the tepals * Drupes or achenes, sometimes associated with juicy tepals * Flowers sometimes borne within a synconium
Moraceae
38
Name the family: * Habit: trees mostly, rarely vines or herbs * Leaves mostly 2-ranked, simple, several primary veins smoothly arching, toothy, with asymmetric bases * Prominent stipules * Flowers minute, imperfect (male or female) * Fruits often drupes
Cannabaceae
39
Name the family: * Habit: mostly shrubs, but herbs, trees, vines * Simple,opposite leaves * “Checkerboard” venation * Inflorescences often cymes * Flowers with a hypanthium * Anthers dehiscing by pores, connective expanded * Ovaries inferior, capsules or berries
Melastomataceae
39
Name the family: * Habit: mostly herbs, sometimes shrubs, trees * Leaves alternate or opposite * Flowers with a hypanthium * Sepals and petals 4 * Pollen with viscin threads * Four carpels
Onagraceae
40
Name the family: * Trees * Hairs commonly stellate * Leaves marcescent, simple, but with teeth/lobes * Catkins (inflorescences with imperfect flowers assoc. with wind pollination) * Nuts with bracts/cupules and/or scales * Auxiliary female flowers
Fagaceae
41
Name the family: * Trees * Leaves simple, but with teeth/lobes (doubly serrate) * Catkins (inflorescences with imperfect flowers assoc. with wind pollination) * Nuts or samaras with bract
Betulaceae
42
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, rarely shrubs * Glucosinolates! * Sepals and petals 4 (“cruciferous”) * Stamens 4+2 (tetradynamous) * Siliques/silicles (capsule with false septum, and a thickened placenta = replum)
Brassicaceae
43
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, trees, shrubs, vines * Leaves simple (rarely palmately comp.), with palmate venation, stipules conspicuous * Mucilage * Stellate hairs * Stamens fused (intotube, or monodelphous), pollen echinate * Usually capsules,follicles, or schizocarps * Epicalyx
Malvaceae
44
Name the family: * Habit: trees,shrubs, vines * Compound leaves with no stipules (simple in Acer) * Prominent nectar disk * Flowers varied * Fruits varied(but not drupes)
Sapindaceae
45
Name the family: * Habit: trees, shrubs * Resin * Alternate, pinnately compound leaves, no stipules * Flowers with large nectar disks * Drupe
Anacardiaceae
46
Betalains
a pigment unique to a subclade of Caryophyllales, usually with a pink-purple hue
47
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Lack betalains * Opposite leaves * Swollen nodes * “Sepals” fused * “Petals” distinct, often cleft, lobed, or “pinked” * Free-central placentation * Capsules
Caryophyllaceae
48
Name the family: * Habit: succulent herb * Opposite or alternate leaves * Two sepaloid bracts OR two bract-like sepals? * Circumscissile capsules with basal placentation
Portulacaceae
49
Name the family: * Habit: succulent shrubs, trees * Succulent stems * Alternate leaves, spines * Glochids * Many tepals,many stamens * Fruitus usually a berry, inferior (and buried in the stem!)
Cactaceae
50
Glochids
specialized hairs with retrorse barbs that protect the plant
51
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, or rarely lianas * Leaves opposite, but slightly different in size, soft herbaceous * Single whorl of tepals forming a tube, with apices cleft and with fold lines
Nyctaginaceae
52
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, rarely trees, shrubs or vines * Ochrea (sheathing leaf base ABOVE the node) * 5 or 6 tepals * Achene(often with fleshy or winged accessory tissue)
Polygonaceae
53
Name the family: * Habit: carnivorous herbs * Leaves covered in glandular hairs, circinate vernation
Droseraceae
54
Name the family: * Habit: trees * Leaves usually opposite * Smooth arching secondary veins * “The dogwood test” * Inferior ovaries * Drupes with ridged endocarps
Cornaceae
55
Name the family: * Habit: trees * Leaves simple, opposite or alternate * Sometimes with laticifers * Drupe * Possibly the most boring plants on earth
Nyssaceae
56
Name the family: * Habit: mostly herbs, sometimes shrubs * Resin canals red or black in color (causing lines or dots) * Stamens opposite petals * Capsules or drupes
Primulaceae
57
Name the family: * Habit: usually shrubs, sometimes trees or herbs * Corolla urceolate (urn shaped) * Anthers dehiscing by pores, sometimes with appendages * Ovary position variable * Capsules or berries
Ericaceae
58
Name the family: * Habit: carnivorous herbs * Leaves tubular * Flowers very large and showy * Umbrella-shaped style
Sarraceniaceae
59
Name the family: * Fleshy herbs * Nodes swollen * Leaves simple, alternate, serrate * Flower resupinate, zygomorphic and showy * Sepals 3: one modified into a spur, other two small * Stamens fused forming a cap over the gynoecium * Capsules
Balsaminaceae
60
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Leaves often lobed or highly dissected * Glandular and/or branched hairs covering leaves * Petals tubular and with fold lines * Stamens often opening by pores * Berries
Solanaceae
61
Name the family: * Habit: usually vines or herbs * No tendrils, twining * Leaves often lobed * Milky latex * Petals tubular and with fold lines * Capsules (splitting along 4 lines, despite 2 carpels)
Convolvulaceae
62
Name the family: * Habit: herbs or small trees * Leaves simple and alternate * Large cystoliths at base of hairs giving rough texture (scabrous) * Scorpioid cymes * Gynobasic style * Fruits highly variable
Boraginaceae
63
Name the family: * Habit: all, mostly herbs or shrubs * Leaves simple and opposite or whorled * Interpetiolar stipules * Inferior ovaries * Fruits variable, but often berries
Rubiaceae
64
Name the family: * Habit: all * Milky sap (dangerous alkaloids) * Leaves simple and opposite or whorled * Corona * Pollen aggregated into pollinia in some taxa * Style expanded into a head * Follicles
Apocynaceae
65
Name the family: * Habit: trees and shrubs * Leaves simple with small, triangular stipules * Flowers unisexual,small and white (plants dioecious) * Stigma sessile on ovary (no style) * Fruit drupe
Aquifoliaceae
66
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs, trees, vines * Leaves opposite, no stipules * Flowers zygomorphic * Style elongate, stigma capitate * Fruits various
Caprifoliaceae
67
Name the family: * Habit: trees * Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate * Four sepals + petals * Only 2 stamens * Fruits usually drupes, but rarely samaras
Oleaceae
68
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, rarely shrubs * Stem rounded, not square in cross section * Leaves often alternate * Weakly bilabiate corolla * Lacking a spur * Usually capsules
Scrophulariaceae
69
Name the family: * Habit: usually herbs * Round stems, not square * No fragrant oils * Two major floral morphologies: * Flowers strongly bilabiate, often with a spur * Perianth reduced and wind pollinated * Capsules
Plantaginaceae
70
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Hemiparasites (green) and holoparasites (no color) * Flowers weekly zygomorphic * Capsules * Plants dry black * 2+2 stamens
Orobanchaceae
71
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs * Opposite leaves, square stems * Sometimes with fragrant oils * Flowers often in tight, cymose clusters * Strongly bilabiate corollas * Style gynobasic,with gracile, asymmetrical branches * 4 nutlets * 4 stamens (2+2)
Lamiaceae
72
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs, lianas, trees * Opposite leaves, square stems * Sometimes with fragrant oils * Weakly bilabiate corolla * Style gynoterminal,with thick, symmetrical branches * Capsules or berries
Verbenaceae
73
Name the family: * Habit: trees, shrubs or lianas * Opposite, usually compound leaves * Strongly bilabiate * Elongate capsules * Seeds with papery wings
Bignoniaceae
74
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, sometimes aquatic * Carnivorous (glandular hairs, or traps) * Strongly bilabiate corolla, usually with a spur * Stamens 2
Lentibulariaceae
75
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Usually with strong resinous aromatic compounds * Alternate, compound leaves, sheathing leaf base * Umbels( often compound) * Sterile, showy flowers sometimes present * Stylopodium
Apiaceae
76
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, shrubs * Alternate, simple leaves * Milky latex * Flowers actinomorphic (Campanuloideae) or zygomorphic (Lobelioideae) * Secondary pollen presentation * Inferior ovary, with 2-3 carpels
Campanulaceae
77
Name the family: * Variable in habit * Anthers are fused around, but not to the style branches * Secondary pollen presentation * Phyllaries * Capitula (heads) variable (ligulate, radiate, or discoid) * Flowers variable (ligules,rays, or discs) * Calyx is called pappus
Asteraceae
78
Name the family: * Habit: “Trees” * Compound leaves * Large inflorescences, sometimes associated with spathes * Drupes
Arecaceae
79
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, vines or floating aquatics * If herbaceous, stems corms * Milky sap (sometimes) * Leaves with primary vein and usually reticulate secondaries * Minute flowers * Spathe and spadix * Berries
Araceae
80
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Usually aquatic * Milky sap * Many stamens/carpels * Flowers showy and usually unisexual * 3 sepals
Alismataceae
81
Name the family: * Habit: herbs with rhizomes, often with aromatic compounds * Leaves two ranked, ligulate * Flowers zygomorphic * Labellum * Single fertile stamen * Inferior ovary * Ligule * Parallel venation
Zingiberaceae
82
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Leaves with closed sheaths * Spathes often present * Flowers usually strongly zygomorphic * Petals deliquescent * Stamens covered in moniliform hairs
Commelinaceae
83
Name the family: * Habit: herbs, usually with bulbs * Large showy flowers * No fusion of tepals and stamens * Superior ovary * Capsules
Liliaceae
84
Name the family: * Habit: vines with large rhizomes * Often with prickles * Leaves with large paired tendrils * Umbels * Small, green, unisexual flowers (dioecious) * No fusion of tepals and stamens * Superior ovary * Berries
Smilacaceae
85
Name the family: * Habit: herbs with bulbs * Umbels * “hypanthium” * Corona (sometimes) * 6 stamens * Inferior ovary * Capsules * Seeds black (phytomelan)
Amaryllidaceae
86
Name the family: * Habit: herbs with bulbs * Sulphur containing compounds * Umbels * Very short “hypanthium” * Corona (sometimes) * 6 stamens * Superior ovary * Capsules * Black seeds
Alliaceae
87
Name the family: * Habit: herbs or “trees” * Arid adadapted (or not) * Racemes or panicles * 6 epipetalous stamens * Inferior or superior ovary * Capsules
Agavaceae
88
Name the family: * Habit: herbs * Small, linear leaves * Racemes or panicles * 6 epipetalous stamens * Superior ovary * Berries
Asparagaceae

Plant Systematics (11 decks)

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