Plant structure

Question 1

Plants have many

Functions of the root

Answer 1

organs and organ systems

1. Storage of nutrients
2. Anchorage
3. Absorption of water, nutrients

Question 2

What is a symbiotic relationship

Symbiotic
relationships of plants with
nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Occurs between

Answer 2

relationship- both organisms living together will benefit

Bacteria provide plant with fixed nitrogen
Ø
Plants provide sugar
Ø
legume family of plants (e.g. peas, beans)

and Rhizobium bacteria

Question 3

what are nodules on roots

Function of stem

Answer 3

areas housing bacteria

Provide mechanical support for other plant parts
Ø
transport of water and nutrients between the roots
and other organs

Question 4

How does the stem conduct water and nutrients?

Answer 4

Using vascular tissue (transport tissue)

Stems also consist of dermal tissue and ground tissue

Question 5

What are the 2 types of vascular tissue in a plant?

Answer 5

Ø Xylem
–conducts water and minerals (inorganic) (up)

Ø Phloem-conducts water and photosynthetic products
(organic) (up and down)

Question 6

What is a plant with a modified stem?

Rhizomes

Tubers

Stolons aka runners

Bulbs

Answer 6

plants with stems that have functions, other than transport and structure (mechanical support

e.g. ginger
involved in reproduction

Reproduction Asexual- potatoes
e.g depressions ‘eye’ of potatoes are enlarged ends of rhizomes. They serve as food storage
and can also be used in asexual reproduction.

Strawberries used in asexual reproduction.

onion, tulips: made mostly of enlarged leaves; used for storage of sugars and asexual
reproduction.

Question 7

Structure of the leaf

Function of the leaf

How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

Answer 7

Lamina (blade)

stalk (stipe)

Attachment of leaf to stem is called the node

Ø Photosynthesis

Ø
1) Shape – flat, lge surface area for light
2) Structure- leaf layers, stomata and guard cells

Question 8

Anatomy of a leaf
Cuticle- top and bottom-

epidermis upper and lower

what is mesophyll?

How is it divided?

Answer 8

ascellular/ waxy layer
lipids
Protect the leaf
prevent water loss
e.g. catus

a lining and covering

photosynthetic tissue

2 layers
palisade mesophyll - side by side, elongated
spongy mesophyll- cells are separated- air spaces

Question 9

on the bottom epidermis of a plant we have
What are stoma

What are guard cells?

Answer 9

are pores responsible for gas exchange

Ø Each pore is surrounded by a pair of
guard cells
Guard cells can change shape to open or close the stoma

Question 10

The uptake of nutrients
by a plant:
a review

Answer 10

CO2, the source of carbon for Photosynthesis, diffuses into leaves from the air through stomata.

Through stomata, leaves expel H2O and O2
.
Roots absorb H2O and
minerals from
the soil.

Question 11

Modified leaves
(a) Tendrils.

(b) Spines.

Answer 11

A tendril forms a coil that brings the
plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically
modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified
stems, as in grapevines.

The spines of cacti, such as this prickly
pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is
carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems. They are protection from animals

Question 12

(c) Storage leaves

(d) Bracts.

(e) Reproductive leaves.

Answer 12

Some plants have leaves
modified for storing water. e.g. succulents

Red parts of the poinsettia are often
mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves
called bracts that surround a group of flowers.
Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators.

Some plants produce
plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil.

Question 13

Flowers Parts

petals

Sepal

Carpel
Stigma
Style
Ovary Ovule

Stamen
Anther
Filament

Answer 13

Petals- colorful to attract pollinators and protect reproductive parts

Sepals- protection

Carpel- female reproduction
Stigma- landing platform receive pollen for fertilization
Style long neck
Ovary has ovules inside- egg

Stamen- male reproductive part
Anther-‘pollen, inside of pollen is sperm cells
Filament- stalk

Question 14

What are the 2 basic types of roots in plants?

Answer 14

tap and fibrous,

Tap — typical tap roots include a prominent main root directed vertically
downward with numerous smaller lateral roots (carrot, beat, radish: dandelion).

Fibrous have many long slender roots of about equal size (grasses).
Tap root
Fibrous roots

Question 15

In some cases, stems are also involved in the
process
and some stems can also
The stem
conducts water and nutrients by either using

Answer 15

of photosynthesis

store nutrients.

vascular tissues or, in some types of plants (such as mosses, which lack vascular tissues), by simple
diffusion up the stem.