Plants 3 Flashcards
What is tree disease and what are its environmental impacts?
A bacterial disease transmitted by beetle larvae. There is an acute oak decline.
What are the current solutions for bacterial diseases in crop plants?
The introduction of genes conferring resistance
The use of chemicals e.g. copper sprays
Name a bacterial disease!
Pseudomonas Syringae
What impacts has virus disease had on crop plants?
Major cause of economic losses particularly in Africa and parts of Asia.
What are some examples of vectors that viruses are transmitted to plants on?
Aphids
Leafhoppers
Whiteflies
Nematodes
What fungus-like organism was responsible for the Irish Potato Famine?
Phytophthora Infestans
What do Necrotrophs do?
Grow in dead tissue, invade, secrete cell degrading enzymes to kill host cells, and utilize nutrients released for growth.
What do Biotrophs do?
Grow in living tissue, invade, communicate with living host cells, and utilize nutrients released for growth or development deeding structures to extract nutrients.
What are some of the ways that plants may defend themselves from pathogens?
- Plant may posses preformed structural barriers
- Plant may be able to recognise the attacking pathogen and activate defence mechanisms
- Plants contain hundreds of genes that confer resistance to a variety of pests and pathogens
The ability of plants to recognise and defend themselves against pathogens is inherited. What is this called?
Innate Immunity
The plant immune system can be divided into two main branches, what are they?
Basal
Gene-For-Gene
What is the Basal branch?
Plant cells carry proteins on the outside of the plasma membrane that can recognise macromolecules that are associated with pathogens.
These contain slowly evolving Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
What is the Gene-For-Gene branch?
Acts largely within the cell using proteins encoded by Resistance Genes. These recognise pathogen-specific effector molecules from diverse kingdoms and activate defence responses.
What is the Gene-For-Gene hypothesis?
@For resistance to occur, complementary pairs of dominant genes must be present in the host and pathogen.@
These genes are referred to as Resistance (host) and Avirulence (pathogen).
Engineering plants for disease resistance - What is Conventional Resistance?
The use of genetic manipulation methods to introduce existing resistance genes into cultivars or specifies in which they do not naturally occur.
