Plaque Biofilm (FINAL REVIEW)

Question 1

A layer of living organisms that can attach to a solid object:

Answer 1

biofilm

Question 2

Biofilm is:

1. Composed of ____
2. Encased within ____
3. ____ in content
4. Frequently contain ____

Answer 2

1. microbial cells
2. matrix that acts as a barrier
3. diverse
4. micro colonies of bacterial cells

Question 3

Surrounds the bacteria within the plaque biofilm (acts as a barrier)

Answer 3

plaque matrix

Question 4

The plaque matrix is composed of:

Answer 4

inorganic and organic components that originate from bacteria

Question 5

The MAJOR components of plaque matrix:

Answer 5

polysaccharides derived from bacterial metabolism of carbs

Question 6

The MINOR components of plaque matrix:

Answer 6

salivary glycoproteins

Question 7

List the organic components of biofilm:

Answer 7

1. polysaccharides
2. proteins
3. lipid material
4. glycoproteins
5. DNA

Question 8

List the inorganic components of biofilm:

Answer 8

1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Trace amounts of sodium, potassium & fluoride

Question 9

non-mineralized; naturally acquired bacterial biofilm that develops on teeth

Answer 9

dental plaque

Question 10

Dental plaque is a ____ biofilm

Answer 10

multi-species

Question 11

Sticky colorless film which constantly forms our teeth:

Answer 11

dental plaque

Question 12

How may dental plaque be removed?

Answer 12

with mechanical force such as brushing or flossing

Question 13

Supragingival plaque-

1. The initial growth occurs:
2. The later growth occurs:

Answer 13

1. along gingival margins and interdental spaces
2. further extension in the coronal direction

Question 14

What does materia alba consist of?

Answer 14

1. salivary proteins
2. bacteria
3. desquamated epithelial cells
4. disintegrating food debris

Question 15

Plaque that becomes mineralized by calcium and phosphate salts from saliva:

Answer 15

calculus

Question 16

What components from saliva allow plaque to mineralize?

Answer 16

calcium & phosphate salts

Question 17

____ plays a major role in periodontitis because it keeps plaque close to gingival tissues and makes it difficult to remove the irritant

Answer 17

calculus

Question 18

T/F: CALCULUS is NOT the irritant, PLAQUE is

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Can calculus be removed with a toothbrush or floss?

Answer 19

No- must be removed professionally

Question 20

Mineralization of plaque starts in the ____ and eventually occurs within the ____

Answer 20

intercellular matrix; bacterial cells

Question 21

Calculus is composed of ____ % inorganic components and ___% organic components

Answer 21

70-90% inorganic
10-30% organic

Question 22

What are the 4 main crystal forms of calculus?

Answer 22

1. hydroxyapatite (58%)
2. magnesium whitlockite (21%)
3. octacalcum phosphate (12%)
4. brushite (9%)

Question 23

Mineralization starts between days ____ of plaque formation

Answer 23

1-14

Question 24

T/F: All plaque eventually undergoes mineralization

Answer 24

false- all plaque does not undergo mineralizatoin

Question 25

What are the mineral sources that aid in the mineralization of calculus

Answer 25

supra gingival: saliva subgingival: GCF and inflammatory exudate

Question 26

The supra gingival mineral source that aids in the mineralization of calculus:

Answer 26

saliva

Question 27

The subgingival mineral source that aids in the mineralization of calculus:

Answer 27

GCF and inflammatory exudate

Question 28

Supragingival calculus is ____ to the gingival margin

Answer 28

coronalS

Question 29

supragingival calculus is ___ in color

Answer 29

white or yellow

Question 30

Supragingival calculus derives minerals form:

Answer 30

the saliva

Question 31

Supragingival calculus is commonly found adjacent to:

Answer 31

salivary gland ducs

Question 32

Approximately ___% of supra gingival calculus is minberalized

Answer 32

30%

Question 33

Subgingival calculus is located:

Answer 33

below the crest of marginal gingiva; not clinically visible

Question 34

What is best for detecting subgingival calculus?

Answer 34

explorer and radiographs

Question 35

Subgingival calculus derives minerals from:

Answer 35

inflammatory exudate

Question 36

Describe the color of subgingival calculus:

Answer 36

dense, dark brown or black due to blood components and/or bacterial degredation

Question 37

Subgingival calculus can be ___ and ___ to the tooth

Answer 37

tenacious and firmly attached

Question 38

what percentage of subgingival calculus is mineralized?

Answer 38

approximately 60%

Question 39

How does calculus form/ attach to cementum?

Answer 39

1. organic pellicle 2. mechanical locking into surface irregularities 3. close adaptation to gentle depression or sloping mounts of unaltered cementum 4. bacterial penetration into cementum surfaces

Question 40

What are the phases of dental plaque accumulation?

Answer 40

1. formation of pellicle on tooth surface 2. initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria 3. colonization/plaque maturation

Question 41

Put the following phases of dental plaque accumulation in order: - initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria - colonization/plaque maturation - formation of pellicle on tooth surface

Answer 41

1. formation of pellicle on tooth surface 2. initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria 3. colonization/plaque maturation

Question 42

The formation of an acquired pellicle origination from the:

Answer 42

saliva

Question 43

Within how long from being removed does an acquired pellicle begin to form?

Answer 43

within 1 min

Question 44

The acquired pellicle is ____ in nature and consists primarily of ___

Answer 44

acellular; glycoproteins

Question 45

Colonization of the acquired pellicle serves as a ___ for bacteria

Answer 45

nutrient

Question 46

It takes approximately ____ for the acquired pellicle to develop into its condensed, mature form

Answer 46

7 days

Question 47

The initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria to the acquired pellicle occurs:

Answer 47

as soon as the bacteria is introduced into the mouth

Question 48

With the initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria to the acquired pellicle, primary colonizers provide:

Answer 48

binding sites for other bacteria

Question 49

What are the 3 phases of bacteria colonization onto the acquired pellicle?

Answer 49

1. transport to the surface 2. initial reversible adhesion 3. strong attachment (TIS the season to colonize to this pellicle)

Question 50

With maturation of the plaque, ____ occurs because of bacteria attaching to primary colonizing bacteria

Answer 50

coadhesions

Question 51

With maturation of the plaque, coadhesions lead to growth of:

Answer 51

micro colonies and this, biofilm

Question 52

List the following steps of plaque formation in order: 1. Maturation 2. Initial ahdesion 3. Pellicle formation 4. Dispersion

Answer 52

1. Pellicle formation 2. Initial adhesion 3. Maturation 4. Dispersion

Question 53

List the four functions of the acquired pellicle:

Answer 53

1. protection 2. lubrication 3. nidus for bacteria 4. aides in the attachment of calculus

Question 54

Which of the four functions of the acquired pellicle is being described? - provides a barrier against acids, thus reducing dental caries attack

Answer 54

Protective

Question 55

Which of the four functions of the acquired pellicle is being described? Keeps surfaces moist, prevents drying

Answer 55

lubrications

Question 56

Which of the four functions of the acquired pellicle is being described? Key role in development of plaque

Answer 56

Nidus for bacteria

Question 57

Stage 1 of biofilm formation:

Answer 57

pellicle formation

Question 58

Stage 2 of biofilm formation:

Answer 58

bacterial colonization

Question 59

Stage 3 of biofilm formation:

Answer 59

plaque maturation

Question 60

What stage and day of biofilm formation is gingivitis clincally evident?

Answer 60

Stage 3- Plaque maturation Days 14-24

Question 61

The initial colonizers of plaque formation:

Answer 61

gram + aerobic and facultative organisms (actinomyces & streptococcus)

Question 62

The secondary colonizers of plaque formation:

Answer 62

P. intermedia P. gingivalis Capnocytophaga Spirochetes Motile rods Gram - anaerobic organisms

Question 63

The secondary colonizers of dental plaque (p. intermedia, p. gingivalis, capnocytophaga, spirochetes, motile rods, and gram - anaerobic organisms are the:

Answer 63

etiologic initiators of caries and periodontitis

Question 64

Are the initial colonizers or secondary colonizers of bacterial species found in plaque the etiologic initiators of caries and periodontitis?

Answer 64

Secondary colonizers

Question 65

When energy sources are introduce (sucrose) to the microorganisms in the plaque biofilm, the microorganisms produce:

Answer 65

1. Acid 2. Intracellular polysaccharides 3. Extracellular polysaccharides

Question 66

Factors affecting plaque accumulation:

Answer 66

1. mechanical removal 2. availability of nutrients 3. undisturbed environment 4. interaction between bacteria and host immune response

Question 67

T/F: Organisms in biofilm are 100x more resistant to antibiotics

Answer 67

false- 1000-1500x more resistant

Question 68

What makes the bacterial species in a biolfim less susceptible to antibiotics?

Answer 68

slower rate of growth of bacterial species

Question 69

How long does it take before plaque is clinically visible

Answer 69

days (2)

Question 70

T/F: Dental plaque is NOT a derivative of food debris

Answer 70

true

Question 71

Summary: 1. Plaque cannot be removed by spraying water 2. As plaque matures, it becomes resistant to mechanical removal 3. Biofilm forms in 3 stages and matures within 14-24 days 4. As bacteria search for nutrients, they migrate sub gingivally 5. Host defends itself via inflammatory response; gingivitis is initiated