pleura, lungs and tracheobrachial tree

Question 1

what is the pleura?

Answer 1

serious membrane that forms a closed sac on the outer surface of the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity

Question 2

what components does the parieta pleur divide into?

Answer 2

• cervical
• costal
• diaphragmatic
• mediastinal

Question 3

what does the parietal pleura line?

Answer 3

the inner surface of the thoracic wall

Question 4

what does the visceral pleura line?

Answer 4

the outter surface of the lungs

Question 5

what is the space between the parietal and the visceral pleural layers which is filled with fluid (

Answer 5

pleural cavity

Question 6

what is the function of the fluid found in the pleural cavity?

Answer 6

This fluid filled space has a negative pressure which produces suction which prevents lung from collapsing
The fluid also serves to lubricate the tissues and reduce friction

Question 7

what is a pleural recess?

Answer 7

Spaces within the pleural cavity which are never completely filled with lung tissue,

Question 8

what happens to pleural recesses during inspiration

Answer 8

parts of lung migrate into it

Question 9

what happens to pleural recesses during expiration?

Answer 9

lung fully expands into the recesse

Question 10

what is the space where the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet

Answer 10

costamediastinal recess

Question 11

what is the space where the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura meet

Answer 11

costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 12

what portion of the parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal N.?

Answer 12

costal portion

Question 13

pain from the costal portion of the parietal pleura is referred to?

Answer 13

the lateral thoracic and abdominal walls

Question 14

what portion of the parietal pleura is innervated by the phrenic N.?

Answer 14

mediastinal part of the parietal pleura

Question 15

pain from the mediastinal portion of the parietal pleura is referred to?

Answer 15

neck and shoulders (dermatones of C3-C5)

Question 16

what nerves innervate the visceral pleura?

Answer 16

nerves from the autonomic NS

Question 17

can pain be felt if injury to visceral pleura?

Answer 17

no, insensitive to pain

Question 18

where is the apex of the lung located?

Answer 18

2-4 cm above clavicle

Question 19

where is the base or the lung located?

Answer 19

adjacent to the diaphragm

Question 20

how many lobes does the right lung contain?

Answer 20

3 lobes

superior, middle, inferior

Question 21

what does the horizontal fissure separate? in what lung?

Answer 21

the superior and middle lobe of the right lung

Question 22

what does the oblique fissure separate? in what lung?

Answer 22

the superior and inferior lobes in both lungs

Question 23

what is the corresponding structure to the middle lobe that is found in the left lung and continuous with the superior lobe?

Answer 23

lingual

Question 24

at what level can the horizontal fissure be observed posteriorly? based on what line?

Answer 24

rib 4

paravertebral line

Question 25

what line is used laterally to identify landmarks?

Answer 25

midaxillary line

Question 26

what landmarks can be identified laterally and at which levels?

Answer 26

horizontal fissure: rib 5 inferior border of the lung: rib 8 inferior parietal pleura: rib 10

Question 27

what lines are used anteriorly to identify landmarks?

Answer 27

``` mid-clavicular Line (horizontal and oblique fissure and inferior border of the lung) parasternal line (horizontal fissure) ```

Question 28

anteriorly where are the landmark identified?

Answer 28

horizontal fissure: rib 4 oblique fissure: rib 6 inferior border of the rib: rib 6

Question 29

what does abduction of the arm allow to properly vue in regards to the lungs?

Answer 29

which provides view of the superior and inferior border of the lungs, and the medial scapular border parallels the oblique fissure acting as a surface guide.

Question 30

what impressions can be observed on the right lung?

Answer 30

- esophagus - SVC - Azygous vein

Question 31

what impressions can be observed on the left lung?

Answer 31

- aorta - esophagus (minimal) - cardia impression of the heart

Question 32

what structure is found centrally in both lungs?

Answer 32

the hilum of the lungs

Question 33

what structures compose the hilum of the lungs?

Answer 33

Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary vein Primary bronchus

Question 34

what is the orientation of the structures of the hilum of the right lung?

Answer 34

BAV | from posterior to anterior

Question 35

what is the orientation of the structures of the hilum of the left lung?

Answer 35

ABV | from superior to inferior

Question 36

what is the main function of the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 36

its a reflection of the pleura which allows the vessels to dilate and expand in size without limitations

Question 37

what is the function of the tracheobrachial tree?

Answer 37

serves the respiratory airways

Question 38

what is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

Answer 38

These rings allow for the trachea to remain open regardless of the heads position

Question 39

where can the trachialis muscle be found?

Answer 39

on the posterior side of the trachea

Question 40

where does the trachea first split?

Answer 40

sternal angle level T4/T5 | this place is known as Carina

Question 41

how does the trachea split

Answer 41

primary bronchi: one in each lung secondary bronchi: 1 in each lobe of each lung tertiary bronchi: right lung: 3 superior, 2 middle, 5 inferior left lung: 5 inferior, 5 superior further branching of the tertiary brachiole into terminal and respiratory brachiole

Question 42

what do the respiratory brachiole lead to?

Answer 42

leads into alveoli/alveolar sacs which serve as the sites of gas exchange

Question 43

what type of blood is carried through the pulmonary A and what’s its trajectory?

Answer 43

-deoxygenated blood | from heart to lungs

Question 44

what type of blood is carried through the pulmonary V and what’s its trajectory?

Answer 44

-oxygenated blood | from lung back into the heart

Question 45

what is the function of the bronchial A and V?

Answer 45

: provides blood supply and venous drainage to the bronchi and lung tissues