the foregut

Question 1

how is the abdomen divided into?

Answer 1

foregut
midgut
hindgut

Question 2

where does the foregut range from?

Answer 2

esophagus to duodenum

Question 3

what is the particularity of each gut?

Answer 3

Each gut is separated and receive single blood supply from a single artery which further branches off

Question 4

at what level does the aorta pass the diaphragm

Answer 4

T12

Question 5

what branches does the abdominal aorta give off?

Answer 5

inferior phrenic a.
celiac trunk
superior messenteric a
inferior messenteric a
common iliac a
renal a
gonadal a

Question 6

what A. supplies blood supply to the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Answer 6

inferior phrenic A

Question 7

at what level is the celiac trunk found

Answer 7

T12/L1

Question 8

where does the common iliac split?

Answer 8

L4

Question 9

what is the esophagus a continuation of?

Answer 9

the pharynx

Question 10

what is the esophagus divided into?

Answer 10

3 parts
cervical
thoracic
abdominal

Question 11

what type of movement is allowed in the esophagus, what muscles accomplish it?

Answer 11

inner circular muscles

outer longitudinal muscles

Question 12

what is the goal of the sphincters at each end of the esophagus?

Answer 12

to keep each the acid from stomach to mix with bases of the SI

Question 13

how is the UES controlled?

Answer 13

Voluntary control

Question 14

how is the LES controlled?

Answer 14

involuntary control

Question 15

at what level does the esophagus pass the diaphragm?

Answer 15

T10

Question 16

where is the stomach located in the abdomen? precisely what regions?

Answer 16

upper left quadrant

in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions

Question 17

where is the cardia of the stomach found?

Answer 17

it the portion of the stomach that is closes to the heart,

the cardia orifice opens at the LES

Question 18

in what part of the stomach does gas build up?

Answer 18

fundus

Question 19

where is the fundus located?

Answer 19

upper portion of the stomach

Question 20

what happens to the body of the stomach as we go from the superior to inferior portion of the stomach?`

Answer 20

it narrows

Question 21

where does chyme get secreted out of the stomach from?

Answer 21

pyloric canal

Question 22

what Controls movement of chyme from stomach to SI and is a thickened region of circular muscles?

Answer 22

pyloric sphincter

Question 23

what is a rugae?

Answer 23

Folds of the inner stomach wall that will flatten as the stomach distends to increase in size

Question 24

what are the curvatures of the stomach?

Answer 24

lesser and greater curvature

Question 25

where is the duodenum located in the abdomen?

Answer 25

ranges from upper left to upper right quadrants

Question 26

how is the duodenum divided into?

Answer 26

``` 4 parts D1: Superior D2: descending D3: inferior D4: ascending ```

Question 27

what parts of the abdomen are intraperitoneal?

Answer 27

D1 and a part of D4 (distal)

Question 28

what parts of the abdomen are retroperitoneal?

Answer 28

D2-D3-D4(proximal)

Question 29

what does the SI divide into?

Answer 29

o Duodenum o Jejum o ileum

Question 30

what type of organ is the pancreas? exception?

Answer 30

Retroperitoneal organ (except for the tail)

Question 31

what is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 31

Responsible for producing and secreting insulin and digestive enzymes

Question 32

how can the pancreas be viewed?

Answer 32

Can be viewed by entering the lesser sac deep to the stomach

Question 33

where is the head of the pancreas located?

Answer 33

in the concavity of the duodenum

Question 34

where is the uncinate process of the pancreas found?

Answer 34

Near the head of the pancreas on the inferior surface

Question 35

how does the body and tail of the pancreas travel in the abdomen? at what levels?

Answer 35

travel to the left, deep to the stomach, anterior to left kidney L1-L4

Question 36

is the spleen a vital organ?

Answer 36

no

Question 37

what type of organ is the spleen?

Answer 37

intraperitoneal

Question 38

what is the function of the spleen?

Answer 38

Responsible for filtration and recycling of the red blood cells Involved in the immune system

Question 39

where is the spleen located?

Answer 39

upper left quadrant between ribs 9-11 at mid-axillary line

Question 40

what are the hilum of the spleen and what do they border?

Answer 40

anterior surface aka the colic area borders the splenic fissure of the colon the superior surface akak gastric area borders the stomach the inferior surface aka renal surface borders the left kidney

Question 41

what are the ligaments thta are close to the lesser sac at the level of the spleen on the left hand side?

Answer 41

- gastrosplenic ligament | - splenorenal ligament

Question 42

is the liver a vital organ?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

what is the function of the liver?

Answer 43

Filters all venous blood from GIT

Question 44

where is the liver located?

Answer 44

upper right quadrant of the abdomen above transpyloric line (L1)

Question 45

what level does the superior border of the liver reach anteriorly?

Answer 45

5th rib (above diaphragm)

Question 46

what level does the superior border of the liver reach posteriorly?

Answer 46

9th rib

Question 47

what type of organ is the liver?

Answer 47

intraperitoneal

Question 48

what part of the liver is not covered by the peritoneum?

Answer 48

the bare area

Question 49

what creates the anterior and posterior coronary ligaments?

Answer 49

 Peritoneum extending between the inferior surface of the diaphragm and the superior border of the liver

Question 50

what creates the right and left triangular ligaments?

Answer 50

Where anterior and posterior coronary ligaments converge on the right and left sides of the liver

Question 51

how is the liver divided?

Answer 51

into 4 lobes | left and right lobe and the right lobe is further divided into the caudate and the quadrate lobes

Question 52

what lobe of the liver sits next to the IVC?

Answer 52

caudate lobe

Question 53

what lobe of the liver sits next to the gallbladder anteriorly?

Answer 53

quadrate lobe

Question 54

what is the falciform ligament?

Answer 54

Peritoneal fold containing ligamentum teres

Question 55

what is ligamentum teres?

Answer 55

Fetal remnant of the ductus venosus that acted as a fetal shunt to bypass liver and bring oxygenated blood from umbilical cord from the mother’s placenta to the heart via IVC allowing it to be pumped out

Question 56

how does the bile leave the liver?

Answer 56

via the right and left hepatic bile ducts

Question 57

what do the left and right hepatic ducts converge into?

Answer 57

common hepatic duct

Question 58

what does the common hepatic duct merge with? what does it form?

Answer 58

Common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct of the gallbladder to form the common bile duct

Question 59

how does bile go in and out of the bile duct?

Answer 59

Spiral mechanism inside allowing bile to come in through one and out the opposite spiral

Question 60

how does the common bile duct travel?

Answer 60

posterior to D1

Question 61

what is the function of the common bile duct?

Answer 61

Responsible for bringing bile into the SI

Question 62

what happens to the common bile duct before it brings bile into the SI?

Answer 62

meets with pancreatic duct and provides enzymes

Question 63

how is the accessory pancreatic duct created?

Answer 63

Common hepatic duct merges with the pancreatic duct creating the heptopancreatic ampulla of vater

Question 64

where in the duodenum does emptying of the pancreatic occur?

Answer 64

D2 at the major duodenal papilla

Question 65

where does the minor pancreatic duct empty itself?

Answer 65

D2 above pancrearic duct at the minor duodenal papilla

Question 66

how is the celiac trunk divided?

Answer 66

left gastric A splenic A Common hepatic A

Question 67

how does the left gastric A travel?

Answer 67

Follows along the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 68

what organs are supplied by the left gastric A?

Answer 68

esophagus via the esophageal A

Question 69

what is particular about the splenic A (makes it easy to identify)

Answer 69

its tortuous structure

Question 70

how does the splenic a REACH THE SPLEEN?

Answer 70

by traveling posterior to the stomach, it also travels along the superior border of the pancreas

Question 71

how does the splenic vein differ from the A

Answer 71

vein is not tortuous and travels posterior to the pancreas

Question 72

what does the common hepatic A branch off into?

Answer 72

hepatic A. proper and gastroduodenal A

Question 73

what recieves blood from the hepatic A. proper?

Answer 73

liver and gallbladder

Question 74

where does the hepatic A proper travel?

Answer 74

o Lesser curvature of the stomach | o Goes up towards the liver

Question 75

what does the hepatic A. proper branch off into?

Answer 75

left and right hepatic A

Question 76

what does the right hepatic A branch off into?

Answer 76

cystic A and right gastric A

Question 77

what does the right gastric A anastamose with?

Answer 77

left gastric A

Question 78

Where does the gastroduodenal a travel?

Answer 78

along the Greater curvature of the stomach Travels to duodenum and stomach Travels posterior to D1 segment

Question 79

what branches comes from the gastroduodenal a

Answer 79

supraduodenal A | right gastroepiploic A

Question 80

what does the right gastroepiploic A anastamose with?

Answer 80

left gastroepiploic A from the splenic A

Question 81

into what does the superior pancreaticoduodenal A branch off into?

Answer 81

anterior and posterior branches

Question 82

what type of organ is the gallbladder?

Answer 82

intraperiorneal

Question 83

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 83

storage of bile

Question 84

what is the gallbladder divided into?

Answer 84

neck body fundus

Question 85

what is the neck of the gallbladder?

Answer 85

Narrowing of the gallbladder leading into the cystic duct

Question 86

where is the body of the gallbladder located

Answer 86

next to the liver

Question 87

how is the cystic duct made to allow 2-way flow?

Answer 87

spiral internal design

Question 88

what is contained in the hilum of the lungs?

Answer 88

the portal triad

Question 89

what composes the portal triad?

Answer 89

hepatic A proper common bile duct portal vein

Question 90

what is the portal vein responsible for?

Answer 90

venous drainage of the digestive system and various organs of the abdomen

Question 91

how does the portal vein travel?

Answer 91

posterior to the hepatic Artery proper and common bile duct