the heart and coverings

Question 1

what is the pericardium of the heart?

Answer 1

Closed sac covering the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Question 2

how many layers form the pericardium? what are they?

Answer 2

3

fibrous, parietal serous, visceral serous

Question 3

what layer is found to be the outer most which provides the limiting border of the heart?

Answer 3

fibrous pericardium

Question 4

what is the serous pericardium?

Answer 4

enclosed sac on the outer surface of the heart and within the fibrous pericardium

Question 5

what serous layer lines the inner pericardium?

Answer 5

parietal serous layer

Question 6

what serous layer continues with the parietal layer, lines the outer surface of the heart?

Answer 6

visceral serous layer

Question 7

what is the potential space between parietal and visceral layers?

Answer 7

pericardial cavity

Question 8

what is found within the pericardial cavity? what is its function?

Answer 8

pericardial fluid

lubricates and assists in movement of the heart

Question 9

what is pericardial effulsion? how is it relieved?

Answer 9

accumulation of fluid and can be relieved by pericardiocentesis

Question 10

where is the needle inserted during pericardiocentesis?

Answer 10

between the xiphoid process and costal margin

Question 11

what are the chambers that compose the heart? how many are there?

Answer 11

4
RV/LV (bottom)
RA/LA (top)

Question 12

what separates the RA and the LA?

Answer 12

interatrial septum

Question 13

what separates the RV and LV?

Answer 13

interventricular septum

Question 14

what composed the right border of the heart?

Answer 14

RA

Question 15

what composed the left border of the heart?

Answer 15

LV and a small part of the LA

Question 16

what composes the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

Answer 16

LV and a small part of the RV

Question 17

what composed the anterior border of the heart?

Answer 17

RV, small portion of LV and RA

Question 18

what composed the base (posterior) border of the heart?

Answer 18

LA and small part of RA

Question 19

what formes the apex of the heart

Answer 19

LV

Question 20

through what does deoxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?

Answer 20

through veins

right side of the heart

Question 21

through what does oxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?

Answer 21

through arteries

left side of the heart

Question 22

where does blood travel through once it leaves SVC and IVC?

Answer 22

into the RA across the tricuspid valve into the RV

Question 23

once blood leave the RV where does it go?

Answer 23

travels across the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk

Question 24

blood entering the LV from the LA needs to travel across what and originates from where?

Answer 24

needs to trvael across mitral valve from pulmonary veins

Question 25

what valve allows passage of blood from LV to aorta (ascending, descending and arch?)

Answer 25

aortic valve

Question 26

in what chamber is the pectinate muscle mostly found in?

Answer 26

RA

Question 27

what is pectinate muscle?

Answer 27

rough muscle which gives RA a stronger contraction allowing to push blood down to LV

Question 28

what is the crista terminalis?

Answer 28

where the rough muscle transitions into a smooth looking muscle

Question 29

what is the fetal remnant of foramen ovale?

Answer 29

fossa ovalis

Question 30

what is the function of the foramen ovale?

Answer 30

it allows to bypass the developping lungs (RV) as blood is shunt between the LA and RA

Question 31

what type of muscle is tubercle carne?

Answer 31

rough muscle

Question 32

how does the papillary muscles function?

Answer 32

push in the opposite direction as the cordae tendiae allowing to hold the atrioventricular valves in place

Question 33

what are the papillary muscles seen in the RV?

Answer 33

anterior posterior septal

Question 34

what are the papillary muscles seen in the LV?

Answer 34

anterior and posterior

Question 35

which ventricle has thicker tubercular carne muscles?

Answer 35

LV

Question 36

what does the ligamentum arteriosum attach?

Answer 36

pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

Question 37

what is the fetal remnant of ductus anteriosus?

Answer 37

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 38

what is the function of ductus arteriosus?

Answer 38

shunt system that allows to detour blood in the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch and bypass the developing lung of fetus

Question 39

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves? which functions first? what is the trick?

Answer 39

tricupsid and mitral (bicupsid) in this order TRY BEFORE YOU BY

Question 40

What is attached to chordae tendinae in the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 40

the leaflets

Question 41

the atrioventricular valves are anchored to what?

Answer 41

the papillary muscles

Question 42

what are the semilunar valves?

Answer 42

pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 43

how many cusps form the semilunar valves?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

what does the aortic valve give rise to?

Answer 44

vessels supplying the heart with blood

Question 45

what is systole?

Answer 45

cardiac contraction

Question 46

what is diastole?

Answer 46

cardiac relaxation

Question 47

what happens during cardiac systole?

Answer 47

blood gets pumped to the entire body from RV to the lungs, LV to the body. ventricular contraction closes atrioventricular valve

Question 48

what sound does systole produce?

Answer 48

the first sound “lub"

Question 49

what happens due to high pressure in cardiac systole?

Answer 49

semilunar valves open

Question 50

what happens during cardiac diastole?

Answer 50

Blood being brought back to the heart (the body to the RA, the lungs to the LA) Begins with ventricular relaxation which closes semilunar valves

Question 51

what sound does the diastole produce?

Answer 51

second sound “dub"

Question 52

in cardiac diastole, atrial filling causes what?

Answer 52

high pressures that causes the atrioventricular valves to open.

Question 53

what does stenosis involve?

Answer 53

calcification and narrowing of the openings of the valves of the heart

Question 54

what can be identified at the sternal angle TIV/TV?

Answer 54

upper border of the heart

Question 55

what can be used to identify the lower border of the heart?

Answer 55

xiphysternal junction TIX

Question 56

what project on the 5th intercostal space about the midclavicular lines?

Answer 56

apex of the heart

Question 57

what border of the heart is along the right parasternal line

Answer 57

right border of the heart

Question 58

where is the pulmonary valve of the heart located anatomically?

Answer 58

-3rd coastal cartilage along the left sternal border

Question 59

how can the pulmonary valve be identified during auscultation?

Answer 59

about the parasternal line, left to the 2nd intercostal space

Question 60

how can the aortic valve be identified during auscultation?

Answer 60

about the parasternal line, right to the 2nd intercostal space

Question 61

where is the aortic valve of the heart located anatomically?

Answer 61

-3rd coastal cartilage along the right sternal border

Question 62

where is the tricuspid valve of the heart located anatomically?

Answer 62

sternum around the 5th costal cartilage

Question 63

where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve of the heart located anatomically?

Answer 63

left to the 4th/5th costal cartilage

Question 64

how can the mitral (bicuspid) valve be identified during auscultation?

Answer 64

Left 5th intercostal space along the mid clavicular line= cardiac apex

Question 65

how can the tricuspid valve be identified during auscultation?

Answer 65

left of 5th intercostal space about sternal border