Pop exam 2-1

Question 1

What is epidemiology
purpose?

Answer 1

Systematic approach to collecting data
Study of the patterns of disease+ health
Condition within populations
Cause how to control
Scientific discipline,quantify

Determints morbidity, mortality.
Identify relationship
Resarch from new and exsiting case

Question 2

a) Epidemi
b) Endemic
c) Pandemic

Answer 2

a) exceeds the normal or expeted frequency in a community/region
b) regulalry found among particular people or area like flu
c) wpidemic is worldwide like covid

Question 3

Epidemilogical traiangle
host

Answer 3

A human/animal
demographics
immunity
disases history
leifestyle facotors

Question 4

agent
a) Biological?
b) Chemical: fumes
c) Nutrient:
d) Physical:
e) Psychological

Answer 4

a) bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, insects
b) liquids, solids, gases,pesticides
c) deficient or over nourished in vitamins/minerals
d) mechanical (cars, mechanical tools, UV radiation)
e) agents that produce stress (war, terrorism)

Question 5

Epidemilogical traiangle
enviroment

Answer 5

setting pr surrounding that sustains the host
population
climate

Question 6

Web of causation

Answer 6

Combination of multiple factors was the deciding influence in the development of poor outcomes

Question 7

a) What is the chain of transmission?
b) Reservoir?
c) Portal of exit?
d) mode of the transimission?

Answer 7

a) transmission from one person to the next
b) where the agent can live and multiply
(human with malaria)
c) leaving the reservoir
(mosquito bites infected human then leave)
d) what carries the infection
can be broken

Question 8

a) agent
b) portal of entry
c) host

Answer 8

a) protozoa multiplying in mosquito
b) into the unaffected person
(infected mosquito bites uninfected human)
c) human becomes infected with makaria

Question 9

In the chain of causation, what levels of prevention can be used to break the chain?

Answer 9

Primary Prevention
Breaking the chain of causation at any link, the spread of disease will be prevented.

Question 10

a) Immunity
b) Passive immunity
c) Active immunity

Answer 10

a) self vs nonself
protection from infectious disease=antibodies
b) short-term
Mom to baby,immunoglobulin
plasma protein
c) long-term, acquired naturally or artificial. just infected or vaccine

Question 11

a) Cross-immunity
b) Herd immunity

Answer 11

a) immunity to one agent protecting immunity to another related agent
cowpox vaccine protects against smallpox
b) more people get vaccin less enough(enough protection in a given community)

Question 12

Hepatitis A

Answer 12

a) fecal – oral
risk @ children & young adults,poor sanitation areas, food handlers, health care workers
Vaccine

Question 13

Hepatitis B

Answer 13

blood/body fluids
risk @ living in China, Asia, Africa
a lifelong chronic
vaccine, but no curable

Question 14

Hepatitis C

Answer 14

sharing of needles, blood transfusion w/ unscreened blood
risk @ drug users, tattoo,health care providers, people with HIV/AIDS
no vaccine, but curable

Question 15

TB stages
a) Latent
95% of TB exposures become latent w/ the future possibility of the TB being reactivated by

Answer 15

immunocompromised
substance abuse
lack of nutrition
(underweight + undernourished)

Question 16

TB test

Answer 16

Tuberculin skin test(TST)
-previously called PPD test

check between 48 and 72 hours after
followed by chest x-ray for person with positive skin reaction

Question 17

TB test
5mm oe more

Answer 17

HIV infected
Recent contacts of a person with TB
Pt with organ transplants
Other immunosuppressed

Question 18

TB test
10mm or more

Answer 18

Come from areas TB is common within 5 years from
(Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Russia, Latin America)
Injection drug users
People with certain medical conditon (DM, ESRF,cancer)
Infants, children and adolescnts exposoed to adult in high risk categories

Question 19

TB test
15mm or more
Where to report?

Answer 19

Positive
No known risk factors for TB
Local health dept

Question 20

Be able to calculate incidence reate
waht is the incidence rate?

Answer 20

all new cases of disease during a given time
new case/total population at risk

Question 21

Be able to calculate
prevealence rate

Answer 21

courrently, exisiting case
new case+exsiting case/total number in population

Question 22

history of diseases satage
Susceptibility stage

Answer 22

the disease is not present and not exposed
host+enviromental factors influence the susceptibility

susceptibility=感染しやすい

Question 23

Subclinical disease stage

Answer 23

exposed to a disease but asymptomatic
incubation period 潜伏期間
induction period 反応が起こる

Question 24

Clinical disease stage

Answer 24

sing and symptoms developed

Question 25

Resolution stage

Answer 25

disease or condition concludes in **recovery, disability or death**

Question 26

Disaster a) diseases-related disaster b) man-made disaster

Answer 26

a) ebola, smallpox, anthrax H1N1,Covid-19 b) caused by human activities shooting, bombing,terrorist attack nuclear reactor meltdown

Question 27

Prevention or mitigation

Answer 27

Observation, prevetntion Assessment inspection,immunization education identify community risk factors

Question 28

Preparedness stage

Answer 28

For unavoidable disaseter disaster action plan, evacuation routes, disaster kits identifying meeting place and communication plan disaster drill

Question 29

Response stage

Answer 29

disaster occured begins immediately after and during disaster event triage, rescue, transportation of injured, treatment at clinics or hospitals

Question 30

Recovery

Answer 30

No longer denger present Community joins together to repair, rebuild, offering mental health services

Question 31

Classify by color a) green tag b) yellow tag c) red tag d) black tag

Answer 31

a) walking wounded/minor b) delayed c) immediate d) dying

Question 32

A,B, or C? Anthrax Plague Q fever Botulism Staphylococcus enterotoxin B Smallpox Typhus fever Hantaviruses Food and water born pathogens Ebola Nipah Tularemia Psittacosis Ricin toxin

Answer 32

Anthrax A Plague A Q fever B Botulism A Staphylococcus enterotoxin B Smallpox A Typhus fever B Hantaviruses C Food and water born pathogens B Ebola A Nipah C Tularemia A Psittacosis B Ricin toxin B

Question 33

Anthrax a) Manifestation b) Prevention c) Treatment

Answer 33

vaccine can be used for those at high-risk for exposure to anthrax.a) Headache Fever and chills Muscle aches Severe dyspnea Shock b)vaccine for high-risk exposure c) IV antibiotics

Question 34

Botulism a) Manifestations b) Prevention c) Treatment d) Elmination of toxin

Answer 34

a) Double or blurred vision Slurred speech Difficulty swallowing Progressive muscle weakness Difficulty breathing b) **No vaccine** c ) mechanical ventilation antitoxin d) Induction of vomiting, enemas, surgical excision of wound tissue

Question 35

Smallpox a) Manifestations b) Prevention c) Treatment

Answer 35

a) high fever, fatigue Rash begins on face then quicky sparad to the body b) vaccine 3 dose airborne precautions c) No cure

Question 36

BRCA gene?

Answer 36

tumor suppressor gene for breast cancer if a pt tests positive for mutation, they have an inc risk for breast cancer

Question 36

a) Providers can use genomic information to? b) What they can be identify using genomic?

Answer 36

a) identify specific individual risks and provide appropriate prevention b) Repetitions of diseases (cancer, heart disease, diabetes mellitus)

Question 37

BRCA gene a) Primary b) Secondary

Answer 37

a) prophylactic mastectomy, avoiding known risk factors of breast cancer b) screening for mutation allows for early prevention