Pop Exam 2-2

Question 1

When describing the global framework,what is a 3P’s?

Answer 1

Provider
-healthcare providers, community health workers, village midwife
Procedure
-Individual, community,national,global level’s approaches
Population

Question 2

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is a tool that provides a comprehensive picture of?

Answer 2

Calculation of health disparities
Mortality and disability across countries,time, age, and sex
by WHO

Question 3

How do you interpret the burden of disease?

Answer 3

One DALY is one year of ‘healthy life’ lost due to illness and/or death. The more DALY associated with a disease or injury, the greater the burden.

Question 4

a) YLD?
b) YLL?
c) DALY?

Answer 4

a) years lived w/disability
b) years life lost(early death)
c) combination of years of life lost because of premature mortality&years of life lived with disability

Question 5

Communicable disease
worldwide
Elimination?

Answer 5

reduction of the disease to ZERO new cause in a geographic area
The disease has been interrupted in a geographic area.

Question 6

Eradication

Answer 6

No further cases of a disease occur anywhere.
When eradicated, that disease is removed from the whole world
根絶

Question 7

Control

Answer 7

The disease is no longer a public health threat.

Question 8

What is the #1 leading cause of death globally <5y?
prevention?

Answer 8

Pneumonia
primary
Vaccines
Good nutrition
Safe hygiene
Improved indoor air quality
Promote early prenatal care
secondary
Teach caregivers when to seek medical attention for an ARI
Refer early for prompt diagnosis of ARI
Screen and monitor children for early signs and symptoms
tertialy
rehab
O2 therapy

Question 9

What is the #2 leading cause?

Answer 9

diarrhea
primary
dec environmental risks
immunization
adequate nutrition, safe water and food

Question 10

Who is most at risk from intense heat waves?

Answer 10

infants, children
pregnant women
older adults, people w/disabilities, non-English speakers, and the poor

Climate change caused by greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels

Question 11

a) High level ozone
b) ground level ozone

Answer 11

a) absorbs harmful
UV radiation from the sun
e layer is thinning/getting destroyed by air pollution
b) created when air pollutants (NO, VOCs) react w/ UV light & heat HARMFUL air pollutant (smog)

Question 12

Endocrine disrupting chemicals definition?

Answer 12

chemicals that mimic/block natural hormones in the human body
closely linked to changes in genes inherited in offspring

Question 13

Mimic hormones

Answer 13

Cause mutations in genes: epigenetics.
Affect nervous system.
Combination of factors can lead to disease.

Question 14

Epigenetics?

Answer 14

gene and enviromental interaction
the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

Question 15

Carbon monoxide
a) Source?
b) exposeure pathway?
c) Risk groups?
d) Health effects?

Answer 15

a) color less and odorless gas
b) inhalation
c) person’s w/respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
d) unconsciousness and death due to hypoxia

Question 16

Radon
a) Source?
b) exposeure pathway?
c) Risk groups?
d) Health effects?

Answer 16

a) naturally occurring radioactive gas
b) seeps into homes through cracks
c) residents of home
d) lung damage - particularly lung cancer

Question 17

What are the three ways that chemicals can enter a person’s body?

Answer 17

inhalation
ingestion
dermal absorption

Question 18

Regarding policy development and environmental health
Assessment

Answer 18

investigation of health hazards, surveillance of health
issues, examining causes, and assessing needs
Monitoring health status.
Diagnoss & investigation of health hazards into the community.

Question 19

Policy Development

Answer 19

Informing,educatuing, and empowering
Mobilizing community partnerships
Provides guidance
Engages scientists to analyze & develop policies

Question 20

Assurance

Answer 20

Enforcement of the policy and law
Assure workforce
Ecaluate effectivenss, accessibility, quality services

Question 21

I PREPARE

Answer 21

Investigate- potential exposures
Present work-exposure? PPE? Wear work clothes in home?
Residence- age of home, ehating, remodeling?Environmental concerns-air,water,soil,industries
Past work-fram? military?
Activities-hobbies,gardening,fishing?
Referrals-encironmentak protection agency
Educate-risk reduction, prevention, follow-up

Question 22

What are ecological perspective of environmental health?

Answer 22

Identification of not only the physical environment but also the social and cultural factors that exist for populations
No one factor can be viewed in isolation

Question 23

Upstream approach

Answer 23

identify root causes of disease at the institutional system level rather than healthy lifestyle issue

Question 24

Ecosystems

Answer 24

are dynamic communities of plants animals, microorganisms and the nonliving environments in which they live

Help regulate water, gases, waste recycling, nutrient cycling, pollination, infectious disease, climate

同じ領域で暮らす生物や植物が、お互いに依存しながら生態系を維持している仕組み

Question 25

Sustainability

Answer 25

Consideration of present and future needs. Doing something for now but also thinking about the future Food and fuel limitations of the natural environment- how we use energy and where the energy comes from Attendance to conservation through balancing of present and future needs. Prevention of the consequences of environmental abuse.

Question 26

What are human systems? 3

Answer 26

energy use pollutants climate change

Question 27

Nurses' role in health policy?

Answer 27

Change Agent Lobbeisist (participates in the lobbying process) Coalitions (collaboration of 2 or more groups) Public office

Question 28

Types of health policy Public policy

Answer 28

**issued by national, state, or local governments** laws,regulations, or administrative rulings

Question 29

Substantive policy

Answer 29

involves an action or activity, such as funding a health program or health-related agency

Question 30

Procedural policies

Answer 30

involve how something is done, the procedure by which an outcome is sought. voting rights policies

Question 31

Distributive policies

Answer 31

include policies that allocate services or benefits to specific groups of people Medicare

Question 32

Regulatory policy

Answer 32

put limitations on the activities or behaviors of certain groups or individuals age limit to purchase alcohol, or health professional licensing regulations

Question 33

What is the purpose of public policy?

Answer 33

Applies to all members of society sanctions for failure to comply restricts personal choice to improve public health welfare

Question 34

5 ways public policy impacts health

Answer 34

Creation and regulation of public goods Regulation of natural resources Requirements and mandates to protect citizens Direct support Creation of opportunities and incentives

Question 35

SCHIP?

Answer 35

Provides free or low-cost medical coverage only to children who fall outside of the Medicaid eligibility More limited coverage than Medicaid

Question 36

Power

Answer 36

the ability to act or produce an effect possession of control, or authority or influence over others Comes from an external source Few people have it Provides the capacity to have others do what you want To gain more implies taking it away from someone else Leads to competition

Question 37

Empowerment

Answer 37

communities to come together to express their values & ideas to those outside the community inc control over their lives Comes from an internal source Everyone can have it Provides the capacity to have others do what they want to do To gain more does not effect what others have Leads to cooperation

Question 38

Kingdon’s Model of Policy Process

Answer 38

**the problem, the politics, and the policy** and each run independently of the others. However, Kingdon asserts that each of the three streams must converge to form a window of opportunity before the policy can have a chance for action. when streams merge, opportunities are greatest for social policy change