Poxviridae

Question 1

T/F. Poxviruses are small and naked.

Answer 1

False.
Large and sometimes enveloped
(Complex structure/symmetry, brick shaped, irregular surface with projecting tubular or globular structures)

Question 2

Which Poxvirus is ovoid and covered with long thread-like surface tubules in a criss-cross manner?

Answer 2

Parapoxvirus

Question 3

T/F. Intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) are both infectious.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Where does Poxviridae replication occur?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Which antigenicity factor do all poxviruses have?

Answer 5

group specific Nucleoprotein (NP)

Question 6

T/F. Enveloped poxviruses are unstable in the environment.

Answer 6

False. They are relatively stable and can remain infectious for several months in the environment.

Question 7

T/F. Poxviruses are frequently host specific.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is the order or lesions seen with Poxviruses?

Answer 8

Macule: flat, red, local inflammation
Papule: raised, red, more marked inflammation
Vesicle: small blister, microbe invades epithelium
Pustule: blister with pus

Pustle –> Scab –> Scar
or
Pustule –> Ulcer (epithelium ruptures and microbe discharged) –> scar

Question 9

Which subfamily do the poxviruses we will be covering fall under?

Answer 9

Chordopoxvirinae

Question 10

T/F. Orthopoxvirus is endemic in Africa.

Answer 10

False. Endemic in Europe and Asia.

Question 11

What is the genus of the disease “cowpox”?

Answer 11

Orthopoxvirus

Question 12

T/F. Cowpox has a wide host range.

Answer 12

True: cattle, wild and domestic cats, humans, zoo animals
Reservoir: rodents

Question 13

What is the main method of transmission of Cowpox?

Answer 13

-Cow to cow via infected milker’s hands or teat cups

Farm cats to cattle

Question 14

T/F Orthopoxvirinae is common in cattle.

Answer 14

False. It is rare.

Question 15

What is the main clinical sign of Cowpox in cattle?

Answer 15

Papules on teats an udder (and on mouth of suckling calves)

Question 16

How does cowpox manifest in cats?

What are some potential complications?

Answer 16

-single primary skin lesion on head, neck, or forelimb
-widespread secondary lesions 7-10 days after primary lesion
Complications: 20% coryza or conjunctivitis; secondary bacterial infections

Question 17

How do humans most frequently get Cowpox?

Answer 17

Direct contact with cuddly kitties

Question 18

T/F. Monkeypox is an Orthopoxvirus.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Where is Monkeypox endemic?

Answer 19

Central and West Africa

Question 20

Which disease does Monkeypox mimic in humans?

Answer 20

Smallpox

Question 21

Which two diseases fall under Parapoxviruses?

Answer 21

Pseudocowpox
Contagious Ecthyma (Orf, Scabby Mouth, Sore Mouth)

Question 22

What is pseudo cowpox called when it infects humans?

Answer 22

Milker’s nodule (d/t milk skin lesion on hands of dairy farmers or vets)

Question 23

What is a pathognomonic lesion of pseudo cowpox?

Answer 23

thick scab with horse-shoe shaped ring of small scabs (on the teat/udder)

Question 24

How would you treat a cow with pseudo cowpox?

Answer 24

remove and burn scabs; emollient ointment pre-milking; astringent preparation after milking

Question 25

T/F. Healing scabs that fall off of a goat kid with Orf are infected with the virus.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Where will you typically find the first lesion in a lamb infected with contagious ecthyma?

Answer 26

mucocutaneous junction

Question 27

T/F. When orf scabs fall off, they leave a scar.

Answer 27

False. No scar (but secondary bacterial infections and larval fly invasions possible)

Question 28

How are contagious ecthyma vaccines made and how are they given?

Answer 28

Prepared from scab suspension in glycerol saline and painted on to the inside of the thigh - only in farms with Orf problem - babies and pregnant moms

Question 29

Which diseases are caused by Capripoxviruses?

Answer 29

Sheeppox, Goatpox, Lumpy Skin Dz

Question 30

T/F. Sheeppox and Goatpox are endemic in Australia.

Answer 30

False. Africa, Asia, some of Europe.

Question 31

What is the transmission route of sheeppox and goat pox?

Answer 31

Aerosol, through mucous membranes or abraded skin, contaminated iatrogenic materials, arthropod bite

Question 32

T/F. Capripoxviruses are reportable.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

With which disease do you see type III hypersensitivity? What does this cause?

Answer 33

Sheeppox - immune complexes deposited - severe necrotizing vasculitis that leads to ischemic necrosis of dermis and overlying epidermis

Question 34

What are the two forms of sheeppox and how do they differ?

Answer 34

1) Malignant: more severe (fatal in lambs), pox lesions as well as lots of other symptoms, secondary pneumonia, star shaped scar 2) Benign: more common in adults and resistant breeds, only skin lesions

Question 35

Which type of vaccine should you use to prevent sheeppox?

Answer 35

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 36

What is the form of Goatpox in European goats?

Answer 36

Flat hemorrhagic form (higher case fatality)

Question 37

Which animal species does Lumpy Skin Disease infect?

Answer 37

Cattle

Question 38

Most common route of transmission for Lumpy Skin disease?

Answer 38

arthropod vector!

Question 39

What are the methods of transmission for Swine Pox?

Answer 39

direct contact with skin injury Pig louse (Hematopinus suis) Flies and insects Transplacental

Question 40

Typically, where on the pig are swine pox lesions?

Answer 40

abdomen and inner thighs

Question 41

What are the 3 things that can happen if a fetus is infected with swine pox in the womb?

Answer 41

1) piglet can come out covered in lesions 2) piglet can be normal, then develop lesions 3) piglet can die shortly after birth

Question 42

T/F. Vaccines are highly effective against Swine pox.

Answer 42

FALSE. No vaccine.

Question 43

What are the 3 forms of Fowlpox and which is most common?

Answer 43

1) Cutaneous (dry) - most common 2) Diphtheric (wet) 3) Ocular

Question 44

With which form of Fowlpox can a necrotic pseudomembrane cause death by asphyxiation?

Answer 44

Diphtheric/wet

Question 45

With which Avipoxvirus can you see Borrel bodies inside of Bollinger bodies?

Answer 45

Avipox

Question 46

What are borrel and bollinger bodies? Which is inside which?

Answer 46

Borrel bodies - minute spherical bodies obtained by tryptic digestion of Bollinger bodies Bollinger bodies - eosinophilic granular intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies Borrel inside Bollinger

Question 47

Which disease is considered an Unclassified Poxvirus?

Answer 47

Ulcerative dermatitis of sheep

Question 48

Describe the lesions of ulcerative dermatitis in sheep

Answer 48

raw crater that easily bleeds

Question 49

What are the 2 forms of Ulcerative dermatitis in sheep?

Answer 49

lip/leg | venereal - ulceration on prepuce and penis or vulva

Question 50

With which virus should you not use CAM method to diagnose?

Answer 50

Parapoxviruses

Question 51

Describe inclusion bodies associated with Poxviruses.

Answer 51

1) Type B - Guarnierni: slightly basophilic, viral particles and protein aggregates; MOST poxviruses 2) Type A - ATI: strongly eosinophilic, SOME poxviruses 3) Borrel and Bollinger bodies - avipoxvirus