PP Bioestadistics

Question 0

What is the Median?

Answer 0

Middle value

Question 1

What is the mean?

Answer 1

Average

Question 2

What is the Mode?

Answer 2

Most frequent value

Question 3

What does sensitivity tell you?

Answer 3

People that have the disease with a (+) test
= A / (A+C)
= 1 - false negative rate

Question 4

What does specificity tell you?

Answer 4

People that don’t have the disease with a (-) test
= D / ( D+B)
= 1 - false positive rate

Question 5

What does PPV tell you?

Answer 5

Probability of having the disease with a (+) test

= A / ( A + B)

Question 6

What does NPV tell you?

Answer 6

Probability of not having the disease with a (-) test

= D / (C+ D)

Question 7

What does incidence tell you?

Answer 7

Number of new cases in a period of time

Question 8

What does prevalence tell you?

Answer 8

Total of cases

Question 9

What does OR tell you?

Answer 9

Diseased are x time more likely to see risk factor

Question 10

What does Confidence interval = 96% tell you?

Answer 10

95% sure it lies within the interval

Question 11

What does RR tell you?

Answer 11

Risk of getting the disease with known exposure

Question 12

What is NNT?

Answer 12

NNT to change 1 life

Question 13

What does a p value < 0.5 tell you?

Answer 13

Random chance that you will be wrong 1 time out of 20

Question 14

What does a Null hypothesis tell you?

Answer 14

Nothing’s happening

Question 15

What does Pawer tell you?

Answer 15

Probability of detecting a < > when there is one

P= (1- beta)

Question 16

What is Type I error?

Answer 16

False positives
Admitting there is a < > when there is not
Alfa = probability of making a TI error

Question 17

What is Type II error?

Answer 17

False negative
Denying there is a < > when there is one
Beta = probability of making a TII error

Question 18

What is Accuracy?

Answer 18

Validity “truth”

Question 19

What is Precision?

Answer 19

Reliability “keep making the same mistake”

Question 20

What are the phases of clinical trials?

Answer 20

P I: Is the drug safe? “ toxicity”
P II: Does the drug work? “ efficacy”
P III: Does the drug work better? “ comparison”
P IV: post- marketing

Question 21

What is a Cohort study?

Answer 21

Prospective or Retrospective study that provides incidence

Uses RR

Question 22

What is a Case control study?

Answer 22

Retrospective study that

Uses OR

Question 23

What is a Cross Sectional study?

Answer 23

Provides prevalence

Question 24

What is a Case Report?

Answer 24

Describes an unusual pt

Question 25

What are Consensus Panels?

Answer 25

Panel of experts provides a recommendation

Question 26

What is clinical wisdom?

Answer 26

I think .... Paper

Question 27

What is a Meta-analysis?

Answer 27

Tries to combine data from many trials

Question 28

What is Selection bias?

Answer 28

Nonrandom assigment | Berksons bias

Question 29

Absolute risk reduction?

Answer 29

AAR = [c / ( c+d) ] - [a / (a +b) ]

Question 30

What is Recall bias?

Answer 30

Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects

Question 31

What is Sampling bias?

Answer 31

Subjects are NOT representative of the general population

Question 32

What is Late-look bias?

Answer 32

Information gather at an inappropriate time

Question 33

What is a Procedure bias?

Answer 33

Not equal attention to both groups

Question 34

What is a Confounding bias?

Answer 34

When the FACTOR is related with the exposure an the outcome

Question 35

What is a Lead-time bias?

Answer 35

Confusing Early detection with increase of survival

Question 36

What is the Observer-expectancy effect?

Answer 36

Believe of research affects the outcome

Question 37

What is the Hawthrone effect?

Answer 37

People being study change in behavior because they know they been study

Question 38

Ways to reduce Bias?

Answer 38

``` Blind studies Placebo control group Crossover studies Randomization Matching ```

Question 39

What are the percentage of the 1,2,3 standard deviation?

Answer 39

1- 68% 2- 95% 3- 99.7%

Question 40

Standard Deviation and Standar error of the mean ( SEM)?

Answer 40

``` SD = õ SEM = SD / raiz cuadrada de n ```

Question 41

Positive and negative Skew?

Answer 41

(+) -> mean > median > mode | (-) -> mean < median < mode

Question 42

Values of confidence interval (CI)?

Answer 42

``` 90% = 1.645 95% = 1.96 99% = 2.57 ```

Question 43

t - test?

Answer 43

Difference between the Mean of 2 groups

Question 44

ANOVA?

Answer 44

Difference between the Mean of 3 or more groups

Question 45

Chi-square?

Answer 45

Compare difference between % or proportion

Question 46

Whatch are the sleep stages?

Answer 46

Awake (eyes open) -> alert, beta wave { high frequency, lowest amplitude} Awake (eyes closed) -> alpha wave Stage N1 -> light sleep, theta wave Stage N2 -> deeper sleep, K complexes Stage N3 -> deepest, non-REM, bedwetting, delta waves {lowest frequency, highest amplitude} REM -> Dreaming, beta waves

Question 47

Developing stages?

Answer 47

0-12mo Infant -> Parents, Start, Observing 12-36mo Toddler -> Child, Rearing, Working 3-5 years Preschool -> Don't, Forget; they're still, Learning