PPD_PPI_2 Flashcards

Question

Design seismic forces are generally considered to act (A) horizontally in any direction (B) upward or downward (C) parallel to the earthquake fault (D) horizontally parallel to the building’s longitudinal axis

Answer 1

Design seismic forces are considered to act horizontally in any direction. In most cases, these forces are evaluated in the two horizontal directions parallel to the axes of the building. Vertical components of seismic forces are usually neglected in design. The answer is (A).

Answer 2

Tubular systems are used to resist lateral loads from either earthquake or wind. For very tall buildings, this system is often economical. The answer is (B).

Answer 3

The answer is active pressure. Fluid pressure refers to the lateral pressure exerted by a fluid, not earth. Passive pressure is the resistance to the movement of a retaining wall provided by the earth in front of the wall and footing, and surcharge pressure is the increased lateral earth pressure against a retaining wall caused by a vertical load behind the wall or a sloping ground surface. The answer is (A).

Answer 4

If a cable supports vertical loads that are distributed evenly along the length of the cable, it assumes the shape of a catenary. If the loads were evenly distributed horizontally, then its shape would be a parabola. The answer is (A).

Answer 5

A catenary curve is the shape that a cable or chain takes when it is suspended at both ends and is acted upon by a uniform gravitational force. The force is uniform on the length of the rope, while in a parabola, the force is uniform when you consider the horizontal length. This is why the catenary is more common in self-suspending structures, while you can find the parabolic shape when the cable supports something else (think of the Golden Gate Bridge)1.

Answer 6

The answer is ductility. Structural steel is an example of a ductile material. Plasticity refers to the capacity of a material to be molded or worked into shape. The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed is called elasticity, and rigidity refers to a material’s resistance to deformation. The answer is (C).

Answer 7

In materials science, ductility is defined by the degree to which a material can sustain plastic deformation under tensile stress before failure.

Answer 8

The German architect Frei Otto pioneered the design of cable-supported roofs. For the Olympic Stadium in Munich in 1972, he designed a huge tent covering 80,000 square feet and supported by nine tall masts and boundary prestressing cables. The answer is (A).

Answer 9

The answer is elasticity. When a member is loaded in tension, it lengthens, and when loaded in compression, it shortens. If this change of length, or deformation, disappears when the load is removed, the material is said to be elastic, and this property is termed elasticity. The answer is (D).

Answer 10

The answer is Fazlur Khan. All four architects in this question were distinguished structural engineers: Nervi created soaring concrete shell roofs, Candela is famous for his thin-shell concrete structures, and Freyssinet pioneered the development of prestressed concrete. But it was Fazlur Khan, one of the greatest engineers of his time, who developed the structural concept of the Willis and Hancock Buildings in Chicago, among others. These buildings behave essentially as hollow steel tubes that cantilever from the foundation when subject to wind load. The answer is (B).

Answer 11

The Great Exhibition of 1851 was housed in the Crystal Palace, an immense prefabricated glass and cast iron structure. Because of its lightness and transparency, it strongly influenced subsequent steel and glass buildings. The answer is (C).

Answer 12

The answer is Pier Luigi Nervi. Nervi was an Italian engineer who successfully merged mathematics and aesthetics. His concrete domes and barrel shells, which typically used diagonal precast ribs, were structures of exceptional lightness, economy, and beauty. The answer is (B).

Answer 13

help_outline The answer is the Pantheon. The Romans regularly used concrete in their structures. The concrete was of course unreinforced, and therefore limited to compression structures such as domes. The Pantheon remains today one of the greatest achievements of Roman architecture. Its dome, spanning 142 feet, remained the longest-spanning unreinforced concrete dome until its size was surpassed in 1913. The answer is (A)

Answer 14

The answer is Proctor test. Properly compacted fill is sometimes used for the support of buildings. Where this is anticipated, typical soil samples are subjected to a laboratory compaction test called the Proctor test to determine the soil’s optimum moisture content and density. The answer is (B).

Answer 15

The answer is slump test. The workability of concrete—the ease with which it can be placed and consolidated—is an important quality that is usually measured in the field by the slump test (and occasionally the Kelly ball test). The answer is (A).

Answer 16

The answer is stiffness. Candidates should know and understand the definitions of unit stress, unit strain, modulus of elasticity, and stiffness. Unit stress is the stress per unit of area and is measured in pounds per square inch. Unit strain is the total stretching or shortening of the member divided by its original length. The ratio of unit stress to unit strain is called the modulus of elasticity, E. The higher the E value of a material, the greater its stiffness, or resistance to deformation. The answer is (C).

Answer 17

The facade of the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis expresses its structure dramatically by using glass on the inside face of the mullions above the catenary and on the outside face below. The answer is (D).

Answer 18

Completed in 1976, the Willis Tower in Chicago is a bundle of nine tubes, each 75 feet square, placed next to each other to form a pattern of three squares in each direction. The answer is (C).

Answer 19

A landscaped strip of ground between a pedestrian walk and a street.

Answer 20

A high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption. Also called an expressway.

Answer 21

A type of grade-separated interchange used in highway design; named for its shape.

Answer 22

One of a continuous row of houses having a uniform plan and appearance and often sharing party walls.

Answer 23

The extension of a building into the property of another.

Answer 24

- Organizational concepts begin to address the physical organization of the space. Beyond program, other factors such as the site, symbolism, hierarchy, and client goals can influence the organization pattern. - The six basic organizational concepts are linear, axial, grid, central, radial, and clustered - Each pattern provides unique opportunities and challenges for developing a building configuration.

Answer 25

- Circulation pattems organize spaces, buildings, sites, and campuses. Paths of circulation apply to the movement of people, vehicles, products, and services- While a circulation pattern must respond to an organizational pattern, they are not necessarily similar - The five main circulation patterns are **dumbbell, doughnut grid radial, and field** - Circulation patterns typically create a hierarchy of paths, with major paths connecting major spaces. Paths can be connectors only, or they may become spaces themselves. They can stand alone, or they may branch off into secondary paths. They can help organize and separate public and private spaces or help maintain security and access control.

Answer 26

Building configuration may also be affected by social and cultural influences. A building's form communicates sentiments of hierarchy, status, affiliation, and culture. The following are examples of social and cultural influences on design: - **political conditions** : Prevailing political attitudes and policies that affect design thinking, such as sustainability practices, are political conditions. - **economic conditions** : The state of the economy is often reflected in architecture through economic conditions, - **cultural conditions**: The prevailing cultural views Of the family—shared values, religion, fashion, leisure pursuits, sports, and the like—may influence a design response through cultural conditions. - **symbolism** : The physical environment holds a great deal of meaning for people, which is observed through the concepts of symbolism - **Regionalism** reflects the local geographic area. Most architects and users of architecture believe that each geographic area is unique and that design should reflect that fact

Answer 27

The complex subject of design theory is the fundamental beginning of design. While an individual's design theory is unique, the general framework that forms these theories is fairly universal, The following are a few factors that influence design theory: - the designer's personal worldview - historic precedent - environmental design research - functional needs - human perception of the environment - particulars of the design process

Answer 28

Cast-in-place concrete one-way solid slab systems allow the designer to expose the structural system while maintaining a high fire-resistance rating. Construction time can be minimized with this system by designing repetitive elements so formwork can be reused- The system can be used with either bearing walls (less expensive, good for multiple repetitive elements) or beams and girders (more expensive, but more flexible for longer spans or greater loads). Neither wood platform framing nor either type of steel framing permits the structure to be exposed and maintains required fire ratings. While the steel frame with rigid connections may help to reduce construction timec neither the light-gauge steel framing system nor the wood platform frame helps to speed up construction of a four-story building T he answer is (D), one-way solid slab concrete frame.

Answer 29

An active solar heating system does not require a chimney because it is a one-way system without waste that needs to be ventilated. The others all require a chimney. The answer is (B), active solar heating.

Answer 30

Active solar heating systems use solar energy to heat a fluid -- either liquid or air -- and then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system for later use. If the solar system cannot provide adequate space heating, an auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat.

Answer 31

A hydronic system uses water or steam, heated by a boiler, to heat your home. Water enters the boiler's combustion chamber via a circulator; once heated, the water is distributed through pipes to heat baseboards or radiators throughout your home.

Answer 32

Cold water that flows to the central heating stove is heated via a heat exchanger by the heat produced by the stove. The hot water then flows to a buffer tank or to the heating installation. In the latter scenario, it flows directly to the radiators or floor heating if the temperature is high enough.

Answer 33

* What are you designing? * What is your program? * What are your spans? * What role do you want structure to play in the project?

Answer 34

* What are you designing? * What is your program? * What is your floor to floor height? * What are your cost goals? * What are your sustainability goals?

Answer 35

- HVAC Sizing -- Mechanical spaces -- Capacity required -- preliminary layout - Coordination of mechanical system with project design details -- Plenum space, supply, retum & exhaust locations - Water supply design & Locating plumbing fixtures -- Pipe sizes, fittings, valves, etc. -- Plumbing fixture location & pressure drop - Sanitary Drainage & Venting -- Traps (connected to vent & drainage piping), DWV Piping (plastic, cast iron, or copper), Vent, Stack, Drain -- Backflow preventer - Waste disposal & treatment -- Municipal waste collection system -- Private disposal system (Septic Tanks & Leaching fields) -- Percolation test -- Storm Drainage

Answer 36

- Fire protection - Lighting design - Safety alarm systems - Acoustic & sound control

Answer 37

- Loads on the building: -- Dead loads, Live loads, Wind & earthquake values are defined by code -- Lateral loads are dynamic - Free Body diagram -- When we extract a portion of structure and represent forces acting on it with force directors, the portion under study is called a free body diagram to which the principles of equilibrium can be applied. - Integration of structural systems -- Preliminary sizing can be done using basic depth to span ratios -- Conflicts with other building systems may result in changing to a more expensive & complicated system -- Structural systems usually consist of wood, steel, concrete or combination of all -- Fireproofing & construction type.

Answer 38

A structural system will also have an impact on a building' appearance, interior and exterior, both horizontally and vertically. - Some structural systems are exhibited on the building's facade, while other options ore adequately concealed with cladding, - Some systems provide for a clean and "finished" interior ceiling, while others allow the structure to remain exposed. - Some systems rely on a grid of columns to touch down for support, while others create larger open spans that certain programmatic elements may demand. - Some systems are rigid and inflexible, while others are more malleable and easily adjusted. - Some systems are inherently fire resistant/ while others must be modified to achieve required levels of fire protection. **Regardless of application, a more efficient structure is typically a more cost-effective structure. While it is crucial all structural needs be met by the system, it is also important not to over-design the structural system, which can add to increased costs, construction time, and dead loads**

Answer 39

- When designing mechanical systems, it is important to determine if the systems should be active or passive. Active systems rely on physical elements and manufactured energy sources while passive systems rely on environmental elements and natural energy sources. - Passive systems require more careful consideration and early planning in order to integrate with the building design. Consequently, prioritized passive systems are often a driving factor to dictate building form, configuration, and program placement. - Active systems are typically hidden from view within the structure or finishes and can be designed to fit any configuration. However, early consideration and planning can assist in ultimately designing a more efficient system. Mechanical rooms should be positioned to minimize vertical chases, duct runs, and piping. Plumbing fixtures should be located back to back or stacked in order to achieve greater efficiency. - Mechanical systems often follow the same logic as the overarching circulation pattem in order to supply services to the entire building. Early collaboration with MEP consultants is necessary to correctly plan for accurate chase sizes, floor-to-floor heights, plenum requirements, and structural layouts.

Answer 40

- While artificial lighting requires little integration with the overall building design, daylighting requires a great deal of forethought and early planning. Information from site analysis and programmatic studies help uncover opportunities for passive systems such as daylighting, and the careful consideration of building form and configuration make it possible to take advantage of these opportunities. - If artificial lighting is to be used exclusively, integration occurs at the detail level considering things such as visual tasks to be illuminated, ceiling type, ceiling height, interior finishes, and lamp selection. - If daylighting is to be relied on, the integration of artificial lighting becomes more elaborate. The need, level, and location of illumination will be affected by the assist of daylighting, and the two must be considered simultaneously. - The integration of daylighting will affect the building's shape, size, cladding materials, and orientation. It will affect the location of interior programmatic elements, the proportions of rooms, and the selection of finishes, Even the design of structural and mechanical systems may be affected by the considerations of daylighting.

Answer 41

It is important to recognize, consider, and weigh the impacts of the environmental context found during site analysis as it relates to project development and program integration. The architect should be sure the following factors are considered, as they form the basis for building design and site development: - neighborhood context - climate including solar orientation and wind patterns - topography, including the best places for building siting, parking, entry points, and service - transportation, site and building entrances, driveway entrances, parking and other services - sustainability concepts - drainage, including modification of contours and location of retention ponds - utilities - geology - landscaping, including existing trees and shrubbery, water features, and rock outcroppings - site acoustics which could affect the design of the new building

Answer 42

A forced air system has minimal moving parts and is a reliable system. The other systems have more moving parts or the required maintenance schedules are more frequent than with a forced air system. The answer is (A), forced air.

Answer 43

- alternative energy sources Those sources that are renewable, such as solar and wind power *while it is seldom possible to satisfy all of a building's energy needs with alternative energy sources alone, alternative energy can substantially reduce reliance on depletable energy sources such as fossil fuels, and can reduce pollution - energy efficiency reduction of the energy that must by consumed in providing various services and functions, particularly as compared to standard baselines - energy conservation can be achieved in several ways, such as by keeping the heated or cooled area to minimum, by keeping heat flow to minimum, by using materials produced using low amounts of energy, by using recycled materials, or by using recyclable materials

Answer 44

- give preference to urban sites or other sites with existing infrastructure, to minimize disruption of undeveloped land and maximize efficient use of transportation and utility services - encourage mixed-use development of residential, commercial, retail, and entertainment facilities, to give people the option of living near the buildings where they work and do much of their shopping and recreation - locate buildings near public transportation and bicycle or pedestrian routes - locate buildings in such a way as to minimize tree and vegetation clearing, take advantage of solar access, and minimize the detrimental effects of wind - minimize solar shadows on adjacent properties with setbacks or low building heights - locate buildings in such a way as to maximize desirable airflow patterns - locate buildings in such a way as to use gravity sewer systems

Answer 45

- minimize the building footprint by using multiple floors when possible - establish building dimensions that optimize material use and reduce waste - consider using garden roofs or highly reflective roof coverings to reduce the heat island effect - plan buildings to include bicycle storage and shower/changing facilities to encourage use of alternative means of transportation

Answer 46

- locate buildings and parking on previously disturbed areas - position buildings and roads along landscape contours and shallow slopes, to minimize earthwork and site clearing - plan utility corridors along new road or walk construction or along previously disturbed areas on the site - limit site disturbance to 40ft beyond building perimeter, 5 ft beyond primary roadway curbs and walks, and 25 ft beyond constructed areas with permeable surfaces

Answer 47

- minimize the site development area by providing all or some parking under the building - develop a site plan to minimize road length, parkinq, and service areas, double-load parking lots to share access lanes and minimize paving, do not develop more than minimum parking required by local zoning ordinance - consolidate pedestrian, automobile, and service paths whenever possible - reduce heat islands by providing shade or using high-albedo materials with minimum reflectance of 0.3 - use open-grid paving or other pervious paving to reduce stormwater runoff - design pedestrian surfaces using permeable materials, such as loose aggregate, permeable concrete, wooden decks, and spaced paving stones - use mechanical and natural treatment systems for stormwater, such as constructed wetlands, vegetated filler strips, infiltration basins, and bioswales - design vegetative buffer areas around parking lots to mitigate runoff of water containing pollutants such as oil and sediments - minimize site lighting, prevent light from spilling onto adjacent properties or into the sky - consider using collected rainwater for supplemental irrigation - use alternative plant materials, and minimize the use of high-maintenance lawns

Answer 48

- **the amount of energy used by HVAC is usually between 40% and 60% of the overall energy consumption of the building**, depending on the building type, climate, design, and other variables. - because some type of mechanical system is always required in the large buildings and most small buildings, it is reasonable to include **energy-efficient mechanical systems in overall strategy for energy conservation and sustainability** - to make standard HVAC equipment more efficient, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 established minimum efficiency for both small and large heating and cooling equipment, its performance is rated based on several factors, including annual fuel utilization efficiency, the coefficient of performance, the energy efficiency ratio, the integrated part load value (IPLV), and seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) - additionally, besides specifying more efficient equipment, a designer can minimize reliance on standard HVAC systems by applying various mechanical techniques and devices to conserve energy

Answer 49

- uses outdoor air when it is cool enough to mix with recirculated indoor air, which reduces the energy needed for refrigeration and can be useful when the outdoor air temperature is about 600F, as temperature drops, less outdoor air is introduced because it would need to be heated - it is essentially a mechanical substitute for an open window, providing fresh air into building to improve indoor air quality, with the advantages of filtering the air and facilitating more even distribution - the control system balances the need for fresh air intake with the outdoor temperature and other variables of the heating system - for large commercial buildings where internal loads and heat gain make cooling necessary even in winter months, an economizer cycle can save significant amount of energy

Answer 50

- refrigeration equipment uses two condensers instead of one, when heat is needed in the building, the heat recovery condenser is used, which sends the waste heat to fan coil units or other devices, when heat is not needed, the heat rejection condenser sends heat to the cooling towers - the building automation system controls which condenser is active, based on the outdoor temperature and the heating and cooling needs of the building - **similar option is to use multiple chillers with units of varying sizes instead of one large chiller, the system can operate more efficiently by using the chiller with the best size for the load**

Answer 51

- unlike conventional air conditioning chillers, absorption chillers do not rely on electricity and ozone depleting refrigerants, they are usually powered by natural gas, which is generally more economical fuel than electricity, if steam or high-temperature water from an industrial process is available, that can also be their energy source - absorption chillers are not as efficient as electrically driven chillers, they have a higher initial cost, and they reject more heat to cooling towers, however they may be more energy efficient for large buildings, especially in the areas where electricity costs are high and where low cost heat sources from steam or industrial processes are available - as an added benefit, equipment can be selected that will also provide hot water for heating

Answer 52

- another type of solar-powered cooling system uses desiccants to dehumidify and cool air by means of evaporative cooling - a desiccant is a material, either liquid or solid, that absorbs water - designs vary, but typical system passes incoming air over desiccant, which is usually mounted on a wheel rotating in the airstream, as the air passes over the desiccant, it is cooled and dehumidified - thermal energy from solar collectors is used to dry out the desiccant so it can be used again in the cycle - desiccants commonly used in these systems include silica gel, zeolite, lithium, bromide and monethylene glycol

Answer 53

- passes hot gasses directly through water to heat it - natural gas is burned to provide flue gasses that transfer heat to the water - to further improve efficiency, a heat exchanger on the combustion chamber reclaims any heat lost from the chamber - although the gasses are in direct contact with the water, the water is considered safe for human consumption - direct contact water heaters can be up to 99% efficient when the inlet water temperature is below 590F - they also produce lower emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides than other heating systems - because direct contact water heaters are high-cost alternative, they are best used where there is a continuous demand for hot water, such as food processing, laundries, and industrial purposes

Answer 54

- recover the heat in the flue gases that would normally be discharged to the atmosphere, flue gasses are exhausted at very high temperatures - designed to cool the flue gas enough to achieve condensation so that both sensible and latent heat are recovered - the reclaimed heat is used preheat cold water entering the boiler to to preheat combustion air - standard gas boilers tend to have a maximum emissions carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides - the flue gasses are so cool when finally emitted, so plastic vent pipe can be used, making installation easier, this permits use of a smaller flue, with more turns in the piping if needed

Answer 55

- is an air distribution system in which supply air is dispensed at floor level and rises to return air grilles in the ceiling as it warms - because the supply air is delivered at floor level, close to users, it does not have to be cooled as much, resulting in energy savings - displacement ventilation is a good system for removing heat generated by ceiling-level lights and for improving indoor air quality, because this kind of system typically uses a high percentage of outdoor air - it can be used with personal temperature control and flexible underfloor wiring - most displacement ventilation systems need access flooring system to provide space for underfloor ducting and to allow rearrangement of supply air outlets as the space layout changes, this makes displacement ventilation appropriate only for new construction, where additional floor-to floor height can be set to accommodate the 12in or more needed for ductwork, and where the elevations of stairway landings and elevator stops can be coordinated to match the elevation of the access floor, - variation of this system uses air outlets located low on exterior walls, but this system only works for spaces next to the exterior wall to a depth of about 16f

Answer 56

- system which uses a series of heat pumps for different zones of a building, which are all connected to the same piping system circulating water - the water loop is maintained at a temperature between 600F and 900F. - when some zones are in cooling mode and are dumping heat onto the loop, other zones are in heating mode and are extracting heat from the loop, therefore no additional energy has to be added or removed when the heating and cooling modes are balanced, only when most of the units are in the same mode does the water in the loop have to be cooled or heated with cooling tower or boiler - automatic valves at the cooling tower and boiler direct water as needed - this type of system is very efficient where there is a simultaneous need for heating and cooling in different parts of the building - it also reduces piping costs in the comparison to two- or four-pipe water heating systems - it is not appropriate for buildings where cooling loads are very small

Answer 57

- uses water, ice, or rock beds to store excess heat or coolness for use at a later time - makes it possible to manage a building's energy needs over climatic temperature swings throughout the day or week, and it allows the use od less expensive, off-peak energy costs to cool, ex. in the summer, chillers can cool water at night, when utility rates are typically lower and cooling needs of the building are not as great as they are during the day, during the next day, the stored coolness can be used to minimize the energy needed for cooling - heat and coolness can be stored in water, rocks or other appropriate thermal masses, coolness can also be stored in ice. Ice can absorb and give off more heat than the other storage media, both as sensible heat and as the latent heat used in melting and freezing. For any given amount of heat capacity, ice will occupy about one-eight as much space as water

Answer 58

- Use materials per design strategies for the climate, for example use light color materials to minimize radiant heat gain. - Use pervious paving or light color paving around the building - Take advantage of prevailing winds - Fire protection & life safety -- UL ratings & UL numbers - Sustainable design Criteria -- Lifecycle assessment (LCA) -- Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) -- Embodied Energy -- Use of salvaged materials - Indoor Air quality -- Low/Zero VOC finishes & adhesives

Answer 59

- Deciduous trees can block sun in summer but allow sunlight to come into the building in winter. -- Trees can moderate wind -- Retard erosion - Create paths & nodes -- Frame views & help in wayfinding - Site Acoustics -- Use solid sound barriers (mostly helps with high frequency noise) -- The barriers should be placed close to the source to be more efficient -- Avoid hard surfaces near the noise source -- plant densely placed evergreens -- Make use Of masking sounds -- Place noise source away from outdoor gathering spaces & building entrance

Answer 60

Green roof - Reduces heat island effect - Reduces storm runoff - Absorbing carbon dioxide - Protecting roofing membrane from UV degradation, temperature extremes, & wind - Energy conservation Green roof design - For concrete decks Structural deck, followed by Waterproof membrane, then a Root barrier membrane if required, and Rigid insulation on top of that - For metal decks, structural deck, then Thermal barrier, followed by rigid insulation & waterproof membrane & then a Root barrier membrane if required - Drainage layer - Filter fabric - Growth medium

Answer 61

Daylighting - Long & narrow building in East-West direction helps bringing daylight into more spaces - If a building has deep facade, shading devices or light shelves might be used to help with daylighting. - High ceilings increase the penetration of light into space. - Analyze the advantages of daylighting vs potential disadvantages. Glare, unwanted heat gain or heat loss should be considered. Shading - Earth sheltering can be used to provide shading or thermal massing. - Exterior shading is usually more effective. - Horizontal shades on south side of the building. - Vertical fins on east & west side of the building, - Interior shade coverings gives occupants some control.

Answer 62

A salvage fee is the amount paid by an insurance company to a policyholder for a damaged vehicle that is deemed a total loss. The salvage value of your vehicle is the value that would be received if the insurance company sold it to a salvage yard for its parts and frame

Answer 63

- LCCA allows designers and owners to evaluate the total cost of a product or system over its useful life. - This facilitates an objective comparison between two or more options based upon a number of factors, including their **initial purchase price, long-term maintenance costs, replacement costs over time, and any portion of the investment** that may be recouped through salvage fees. - Of course, this analysis is not the only factor that should be considered when making decisions about what to include in a building’s design, but it does permit a comprehensive look at the total cost to the owner that decision will incur. - An item **that looks like a bargain in terms of its present-day purchase price may have steep operational costs or a short lifespan, requiring replacement in just a few years**. Life-cycle costing takes all of these factors into consideration and converts all of the costs to present-day values so that they can be compared effectively. An LCA is a method of evaluating the environmental impact of using a material or product, and it is not the same as an LCCA.

Answer 64

It is important to understand how member sizes for structural components are designated. According to the Steel Construction Manual, the numbers designating a steel wide-flange beam define the depth of the beam and the weight per linear foot. The cost is

Answer 65

- Although life-cycle costs, such as the cost of upkeep on high-maintenance finishes, are a consideration, reducing maintenance costs would not have any effect on reducing initial construction costs; therefore, these are likely to remain unaffected by any value engineering. - Reducing the number of components in the details of construction assemblies, using industry standard details in lieu of custom finishes, and reducing the number of different or unique details in the project would all help reduce initial construction costs. The answer is (B).

Answer 66

cost - One disadvantage of separating occupancies is that it can be more expensive to build and maintain separate structures for different uses1. Additionally, separating occupancies can limit the flexibility of a building’s use

Answer 67

- Functional requirement: -- Space needs -- proximities & adjacencies - Cost & Budget -- Should be established in programming & refined during later stages - Schedule

Answer 68

- Understand use Profile of the building - Building scale: under 25 tons direct expansion or heat pumps are used. - Control requirement for temperature & humidity - Climate zones - Flexibility - Energy efficiency - Economics: initial costs plus costs of operating the system shall be considered

Answer 69

- Architectural character - Schedule - Cost - Fire resistance - Integration with other systems

Answer 70

- The process of analyzing a particular material or assembly or even an entire design to see if the same functional requirements can be met in a less expensive way or if a higher quality assembly can be found at the same price. - Based on a team approach - Might also be called Value Analysis - Reviewing individual systems and materials to see if the same function can be accomplished in a less expensive way. VE may be performed in any phase of project - Refining the construction budget: -- Parameter method -- Matrix costing -- Unit cost method

Answer 71

**Cost evaluation** is an important part of an architect's role. Various methods of cost estimating may be used on project based on design phase or available data. These may include estimates based on the following: - program type - square footage - systems - assemblies It is important to understand the various methods for initial evaluations, as well as how to re-evaluate and refine the estimate as the project progresses or adjust the evaluation to meet budget requirements. The three general methods for cost evaluation are the parameter method, matrix costing, and the unit cost method

Answer 72

- The parameter method is an expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities. It is typically used during design development and early stages of construction documentation. - With this method, it is possible to evaluate the cost implications of each building component and to make decisions concerning both quantity and quality in order to meet the project's budget. - Parameter line items are based on commonly used units or assemblies that relate to the construction element under study rather than individual building material elements. - Example: Interior partitions would be divided into categories of single-layer gypsum board partitions, 1- hour rated walls, 2-hour rated walls, etc., each with their associated cost per square or linear foot. The evaluation would not itemize the individual building materials required (metal studs, gypsum board, screws, etc.). These costs would be embedded into the cost per square or linear foot of the unit.

Answer 73

The matrix costing method involves drawing a matrix with various altematives along one side and the individual elements that combine to produce the total cost of the alternatives on the other side. This method allows the designer to "pick and choose" a combination of selections to form an assembly that can meet the budgetary requirements.

Answer 74

The unit cost method breaks a project into the costs of individual building components and the labor required for their installation. This method of cost evaluation is typically used by contractors when preparing a bid and negotiating prices with their suppliers or subcontractors. Unit cost prices are typically guaranteed for a specified period of time. While it is the most accurate method, the unit cost method is only reasonable once construction drawings and specifications have been completed. The following expenses should be included: - cost of materials - cost of labor - cost of equipment - cost of fees and services - contractor's overhead and profit

Answer 75

- While cost estimation is a difficult process, resources are available to assist in the evaluation. Books, services, and software can assist in cost evaluations. Additionally, commercially available data can be used as an average of past completed projects across the country. Contractors are also often consulted as a source for preliminary cost evaluation. - To aid in accounting for changes, city cost indexes are published to assist in adjusting historic data to apply to future projects. A cost index is used to calculate inflation, and it can be used to adjust past costing estimates to present day rates or to make projections about future costing estimates. A cost index can also assist in relating current or historic construction cost data from different cities.

Answer 76

If a project is over budget, or is suspected to become over budget, a process called value engineering is used to reconcile the cost evaluation with the budgetary requirements. Value engineering (VE) is the process of analyzing a particular material, assembly, or design to see whether the same functional requirements can be met in a less expensive way, or whether a product or system of higher quality can be found for the same cost. Depending on the design phase, value engineering can involve the entire design team: architects, clients, engineers, and consultants. According to the Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE)/ the process includes the following steps: - Gather information to better understand the project. - Perform functional analysis to understand and clarify the required functions. - Generate alternatives on how to accomplish the required functions. - Synthesize ideas and select the ones that are feasible for improvements. - Select the best alternative for improving value. - Present the recommendations to the project stakeholders.

Answer 77

- The table demonstrates the use of the parameter method for budget refinement. This method is used to break out larger categories into more specific elements. - For example, instead of allowing an overall budget of $8000 for wall finishes, the budget is refined to assign costs to individual finishes. - Value engineering is not a method of budget refinement. - The unit cost method is used as contractors prepare bids with itemized costs per item for all products, materials, and labor. - The matrix costing method employs a chart of options and alternatives for elements of an assembly to assist in determining the best selections for the assembly in consideration of the budget.

Answer 78

a final course of action, used only when all else has failed.

Answer 79

- Altering the electrical systems would most likely be considered a last resort for saving costs. A federal courthouse building needs extensive security systems, servers, equipment, and lighting. - Altering the mechanical systems is also typically undesirable, but assuming the design is still effective, cost-saving opportunities could be found without significantly limiting performance. - It could be reasonable to reconsider the structural system to find a more efficient design without compromising function. - The choice of contractor is irrelevant at this stage, as public projects are subject to bidding. The answer is (A), altering the electrical systems.

Answer 80

- Value engineering is a process that identifies areas of potential savings, analyzes their potential cost impact, and selects the preferred options. An informal form of value engineering can be completed in-house by the architect after an initial opinion of probable cost has been generated, and provides a good way for the architect to communicate to the owner that a design in the owner's best interest is being generated. Based upon this information, the architect and owner can make decisions and set priorities that reflect the goals of the project. Ideally, this analysis should be a standard part of every architectural project and should be ongoing as the architect makes choices about the optimal types of materials and construction methods for this particular building. - Ideally, value engineering should be undertaken as early in the project as possible. In practice, however, it often occurs much later, giving it a bad reputation among architects for stripping all of the "good stuff" out of a design and requiring extensive (and expensive) revision of work that had been '"complete." - Often, a third-party value engineer is hired by the owner to determine appropriate methods of reducing cost. The value engineer may facilitate a workshop including representatives of the architect, owner, consultants, and cost estimators. The participants will evaluate the design and propose cost-saving methods. This can be very effective if it is done early in the design process, but the closer the project is to completion, the less advantageous the process will be for the owner. The changes suggested may have serious ramifications in other parts of the design, forcing up the prices of those elements. It is critical that the architect evaluate these late proposals very carefully. If elements from the proposal are to be incorporated into the design, the architect should pay special attention to other parts of the design that may be affected by the changes and carefully coordinate the construction documents to avoid errors or omissions.

Answer 81

- Evaluate cost considerations during the design process. - Architects need to consider client priorities and life cycle costs when selecting materials and systems, and they must evaluate the cost effectiveness of various design decisions. - As an architect, you will need to determine if a project design must be modified based on cost evaluations and budgetary needs.

Answer 82

- The subsystems method of construction cost estimation includes the costs of all components of a particular subsystem (e.g., for a brick cavity wall, it would include the brick, concrete masonry units, insulation, flashing, mortar, joint reinforcement, lintels, brick ties, and so on). - Thus, the subsystems method allows the architect to easily **compare the total costs of two alternative systems.**

Answer 83

Prior to schematic budgeting, cost estimates are based on unit costs—such as costs per bed, per student, per classroom, and per square foot—of similar projects used as case studies. At this stage, **an architect only needs to know the general program and some sort of size or capacity requirements to find similar examples.**

Answer 84

The intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. Also called **interchange**

Answer 85

The amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a particular location is below 65 degrees Fahrenheit for one day. Degree days may also be summed and stated for a month or year.

Answer 86

An apartment building owned by a corporation in which shares are sold, entitling the shareholders to occupy dwelling units in the building.

Answer 87

The shape of an extensive urban area, which lacks specific focal points, well-defined routes, or articulated form.

Answer 88

Land on which buildings have not yet been constructed, but which contains utilities and streets.

Answer 89

The soil layer beneath the topsoil.

Answer 90

A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity that has the same physiological effect as still air at the wind chill index temperature. It is also known as chill factor.

Answer 91

The maximum depth of frost penetration in the ground expected in a given area. Water piping must ordinarily be buried below the frost line to protect against freezing.

Answer 92

The answer is wood roof truss. A wood roof truss is a prefabricated lightweight truss generally designed to span 20 to 40 feet and placed about 24 inches on center. The answer is (D).

Answer 93

The answer is arches, domes, and vaults. More than 2000 years ago, the Romans used arches and vaults to span long distances for large public buildings, bridges, and aqueducts. The answer is (D).

Answer 94

The answer is tapered girder. A tapered girder features a tapered profile, usually varying from minimum depth at the supports to maximum depth at midspan, thus reflecting its moment diagram. The answer is (B).

Answer 95

The answer is for conventional office buildings, the structural cost is roughly 25% of the total construction cost. The answer is (A).

Answer 96

The answer is test boring. Test borings are used more commonly than test pits because they can be extended to a greater depth. The answer is (D).

Answer 97

The answer is differential settlement. One way to achieve this is to design all the footings in a building for the same soil bearing pressure under dead load. The answer is (C).

Answer 98

The answer is horizontal shear. Horizontal shear stress should be checked for all wood flexural members but is most critical for short span beams with large loads. The answer is (D).

Answer 99

The answer is point of inflection. The bending moment changes sign at the point of inflection and has a value of zero. The answer is (A).

Answer 100

Hooke’s Law states that up to the elastic limit, unit stress (P/A) is directly proportional to unit strain (∆/L). The answer is (D).

Answer 101

The answer is unit stress at which the material continues to deform with no increase in load. The value of the yield point is slightly greater than the elastic limit. The answer is (C).

Answer 102

The answer is modulus of elasticity. Modulus of elasticity, yield point, and factor of safety are explained in the reading assignment for this unit. Moment of inertia is one of the factors that determine a beam’s resistance to deflection and is independent of the beam’s material. The answer is (B).

Answer 103

The answer is concurrent forces. A vector is any quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as a force. The answer is (D).

Answer 104

The answer is epicenter. The location in the earth’s crust where slippage begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Its projection on the ground surface is the epicenter. The answer is (D).

Answer 105

The answer is a decrease in a building’s earthquake motion. A building is not a pure frictionless pendulum, and so when it moves in response to an earthquake, various frictional factors tend to absorb energy and decrease the building’s motion. This is called damping, the extent of which depends on factors such as the presence of nonstructural elements and the nature of the connections. The answer is (B).

Answer 106

The answer is bedrock. In general, buildings on soft ground tend to have greater earthquake shaking, and hence greater damage, than those of stiff soils or bedrock. In addition, if the period of a building coincides with that of the ground, the shaking of the building will be greatly amplified and could be disastrous. To reduce the likelihood that this will occur, architects should attempt to locate tall buildings, which have long periods, on soil that has a short period, such as bedrock. The answer is (A).

Answer 107

The answer is ductility. Stiffness refers to the resistance to deformation of a material or system. Redundancy means the ability to redistribute seismic loads to other elements if the primary system is damaged, and elasticity is the property of a material that causes it to return to its original shape after being deformed. The answer is (B).

Answer 108

An earthquake causes the ground to shake both horizontally and vertically. The vertical motions are generally neglected in design because they are usually smaller than the horizontal, and also because of the considerably greater stiffness of buildings in the vertical direction. The answer is (D).

Answer 109

The flexural strength is stress at failure in bending. It is equal to or slightly larger than the failure stress in tension.

Answer 110

have a severely detrimental effect on.

Answer 111

completely destroy (a building, town, or other site)

Answer 112

- A downfeed system is not pressurized, but a pneumatic system is, - The two system types do not differ concerning their necessity when street main pressure cannot supply the upper floors, - Both downfeed and pneumatic systems use storage tanks,

Answer 113

- Wellpoints are used to dewater an excavation, not to retain its sides. - Soldier beams are wide-flange steel sections driven vertically into the earth at 5 to 10 ft intervals to a depth lower than that of the proposed excavation. - Wood boards, known as lagging, are placed horizontally between the soldier beams as the earth is removed. - Sheet piling consists of vertical planks that fit tightly together and are driven into the earth to form a barrier before starting excavation.

Answer 114

- The property may be taken and the building razed before negotiations are completed and the final price is determined. - Eminent domain is the right of a government agency to take private property for public use, usually with reasonable compensation paid to the owner. When an owner refuses to sell, the government agency may expropriate the property through court action, in some cases even before the price has been determined. - The owner is entitled to an equitable price, but that price is established by the court, not the renewal agency. The price established by the court is generally the fair market value of both the land and the improvements, not merely the building’s salvage value. - Finally, the owner need not necessarily receive the same price as that paid to his neighbors if the properties are not entirely equivalent. The court’s only obligation is to establish fair market value.

Answer 115

- Latent heat and sensible heat are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. Latent heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids. Sensible heat is related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase1. - For example, when water evaporates from a surface, it absorbs latent heat from the surrounding air. This means that the air cools down as it loses heat to the water vapor. On the other hand, when you touch a hot object like a stove, you feel sensible heat because your skin temperature increases due to the transfer of heat from the stove

PPD_PPI_2 Flashcards

(145 cards)