PA_PPI Flashcards

Question

What must be shown at a public hearing before a variance can be granted?

Answer 1

Before this can be granted, it must be shown at a public hearing that there are conditions or circumstances **unique to the property that would create an undue hardship if all provisions of the zoning code or ordinance were strictly enforced**.

Answer 2

The **gypsum and steel _associations_** are two examples of numerous associations that **publish standards** to benefit the construction industry.

Answer 3

This document is used to **outline the technical requirements to comply with the ADA**.

Answer 4

It allows a city or county to have a working building code without the expense of writing its own.

Answer 5

This site-specific regulation creates a **public access easement for sidewalks and utilities**.

Answer 6

This **land restriction** must be recorded with the **municipal government office**.

Answer 7

The construction of this undergoes **fire testing** and receives an **Underwriters Laboratories (UL) label**

Answer 8

These are called **covenants** and can be placed on property by land developers.

Answer 9

This determines the zoning of property based on location and is enforced by a **city or county planning commission**.

Answer 10

This organization is responsible for developing **standards and testing products for safety and fire**.

Answer 11

Examples of this type of law or regulation are - **the Americans with Disabilities Act** - the safety-glazing requirement issued by the Consumer Product Safety Commission - **wetlands** protection - **historic preservation**

Answer 12

In this kind of analysis, it’s important that the architect be sensitive to **- context of the surrounding area - particularly with respect to views - existing buildings, - noise**.

Answer 13

Natural materials reflect little energy, **so this quality is generally low**.

Answer 14

Four design strategies used in this climate use - compact forms - large south-facing windows - high thermal mass - dark colors for exterior surfaces

Answer 15

The two angles used in surveying to describe this are the **azimuth and the altitude**.

Answer 16

This is the interrelated observations and theories of the **human use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture**.

Answer 17

This kind of human behavior demonstrates **territoriality**.

Answer 18

This is referred to as the **catchment area**.

Answer 19

Frederick Law Olmstead has this distinction.

Answer 20

Four strategies for this are **- elimination or reduction of pollution sources - ventilation control - proper maintenance - controlling the activities of occupants**

Answer 21

On learning about contaminated soil, this party should notify the owner immediately and suggest that the work stop until the nature and extent of the contamination is determined by a qualified professional.

Answer 22

This type of soil cannot be used to support a building foundation or roadway, so **it must be removed from the site before building**.

Answer 23

A **collector street** is used to connect these two kinds of roads.

Answer 24

A road with this slope changes 2 ft in elevation for every 100 ft of horizontal change.

Answer 25

For a site in the Northern Hemisphere, an orientation between **5° and 25° east of south** best achieves this balance.

Answer 26

This is the elevation at the **bottom of a drain, manhole, or catch basin**. This quantity is often needed in the **design of sewer and storm sewer systems**.

Answer 27

The three principal methods of describing these are by **- location within a subdivision - metes and bounds - reference to a township and section**

Answer 28

Contour lines that point in this direction represent a **ridge**.

Answer 29

In this kind of district, the sewer line runs **below grade at the centerline of the street**. This gives the theoretical shortest total distance to buildings being served on both sides of the street.

Answer 30

Two common solutions for this design problem are the use of **- sheet draining - the use of a swale**.

Answer 31

**The grid system** was established in the United States after this document was adopted.

Answer 32

This unit of land measurement is a square **six miles on a side**

Answer 33

This is the unit of measure of the average temperature **difference between a building’s interior baseline temperature of 65 degrees and the outdoor average temperature**.

Answer 34

This is a zoning restriction **that prevents a new structure from projecting beyond certain spatial limits**. It is used so that this new building does **not block air and light from neighboring properties**

Answer 35

The building site is in a **valley**. To tell a valley from a ridge on a contour map, note whether the contour lines “point” toward higher or lower ground.

Answer 36

This is private land used for **stormwater management** by a governmental agency.

Answer 37

This aspect of construction would be least expensive for Location B, which has the most level slope.

Answer 38

This is what contour lines represent when they are **equally spaced**.

Answer 39

- strategies for sustainable **site development**, - **water** savings, - energy efficiency, - **materials** selection, - **indoor environmental quality**. Accumulation of sufficient points enables a project to achieve varying levels of LEED certification status, from Certified to Platinum.

Answer 40

provide a **protected path of escape from a building in the event of a fire**. Some revolving doors now have a feature that permits opening in an emergency, making them legal exits in some circumstances but **not always**.

Answer 41

- occupancy group (assembly, residential, etc.) - **fire hazard, (fire hazard modifier A or B)**. - construction type. (Type I, Type II, etc.) Land use is generally regulated by zoning ordinances, not building codes.

Answer 42

a process used to define a building’s **function**

Answer 43

is quite similar. Regardless of the type of residence, normal activity spaces generally accommodate required **human functions in much the same manner**.

Answer 44

**- graphically represent _program details_. - describe general _relationships_ - formulate _initial design possibilities_. - formulate _concept cost estimate_.** solve building design - DD phase Define project schedule - during the development and design phase

Answer 45

utilities outside the property lines.

Answer 46

Byzantine architecture

Answer 47

Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture

Answer 48

quoin, in Western architecture, both the external angle or corner of a building and, more often, one of the stones used to form that angle.

Answer 49

A crocket is a small, independent decorative element common in **Gothic architecture**

Answer 50

In architecture, a boss is a knob or protrusion of wood, stone, or metal during **Gothic architecture**

Answer 51

- detailed reports used to determine whether the implementation of a **proposed project** will have any adverse effect on its immediate environment. - Rather than establish regulations, the administrative **agency reviews the implications of a proposed project and suggests alternatives to minimize any potential hazards**. - Environmental impact statements apply to proposed, not existing projects, and **have nothing to do with economic feasibility**.

Answer 52

- enthalpy is the **_thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of the internal energy of a system plus the product of the pressure-volume work done on the system_**. - While it can’t be directly measured, **differences between the initial and final state of the process can**. - Factors that affect the enthalpy of reaction include **-- concentrations of reactants and products -- temperature of the system -- pressure of gases involved**.

Answer 53

- inward on the windward wall - outward on the leeward wall - upward on a flat roof

Answer 54

Berms, coniferous trees, fences, and walls all provide physical barriers.

Answer 55

- mixed or hot temperatures that need cooling, as well as marine or dry conditions so that condensation does not inhibit the air exchange process. - For these reasons, **mixed-dry, warm-marine, and hot-dry climates** are appropriate for thermal mass cooling

Answer 56

- node is a **center of interest that people can enter, such as a plaza, a public square**, or the intersection of paths. A node is **smaller than a district** and may be the center of a district. - A landmark is a **point reference** and a device for **wayfinding and symbolic identification of an area** - A district is a **two-dimensional area that people perceive as having a common, identifying character and that is critical to the sense of neighborhood**. - An edge is a **linear element other than a path that forms a boundary between two districts or that breaks continuity**. This question requires an understanding of the ideas of **Kevin Lynch** as described in his book, **The Image of the City**.

Answer 57

- Ebenezer Howard formulated the garden city concept late in the 19th century. He proposed the creation of a city with 30,000 inhabitants on 1,000 acres of land. - A **central core of public buildings was to be surrounded by shops and row houses, with industrial facilities on the outskirts**. All of this was to be encircled by a permanent **greenbelt**. - Early in the 20th century, two such garden cities, **Letchworth and Welwyn**, were developed with the **intent that they be self-sufficient. Instead, both cities became satellite towns dependent on London, rather than true garden cities**.

Answer 58

- The planned community of **Radburn, New Jersey, was built by American planners Henry Wright** and Clarence Stein in the 1920s. - The intent was **to minimize automobile-pedestrian conflict by creating _superblocks_**, which were islands of green **bordered by houses, with roads and parking at the periphery**.

Answer 59

high-grade construction adhesive commonly used to bond ceiling, wall, and floor tiles, plywood panels, concrete, asphalt, leather and fabric.

Answer 60

- Exterior **shading devices** - **Dark color on the south facade** - **Light-colored roofing** - **Insulation on the exterior of masonry walls** (cane be thermal mass) - **Vented openings facing the prevailing wind**

Answer 61

- At the bottom of hills in valleys - Near a body of water - Protected from **northerly winds**

Answer 62

- Building **location on its site** - Building **orientation** - Building **massing** - Building **footprint** - Available **passive energy** options and their integration - **Existing features** that can be used on site

Answer 63

A : building is in drainage pattern B : wrong south orientation C : wrong south orientation

Answer 64

- A public enterprise revenue bond is issued to **fund a public project that _will produce revenue_; the bond is repaid with the money generated by the facility**. This type of bond may be issued to finance a project like an **airport, a hospital, or a stadium**. - general obligation bond is used to fund **public projects that _will not produce revenue_**. These are often used to finance schools, public libraries, or municipal buildings**. The bond is **repaid through property, or ad valorem, taxes. General obligation bond measures must be approved by voters in the jurisdiction**. - Development impact fees are **charged to developers to pay for public improvements** that are necessary because of the development. **Fees may be assessed to cover the costs of road improvements, utility extensions, or other upgrades required for the private development project that must be provided by the municipality**.

Answer 65

- An outpatient clinic does not house nonambulatory patients, so it can be classified as a **business**. - An agricultural barn serves as a **utility building** supporting the function of an agricultural space. - A concert hall is used for **assembly** and is classified as an **A-3 occupancy**. - A motor vehicle repair shop is used to store **flammable and hazardous materials** and is classified as an **S-1 occupancy**.

Answer 66

- **What is the occupancy of this building?** The occupancy is determined according to the owner's program, which defines the size and use of the spaces within the building. A building can be comprised of many different types of occupancies, which must be separated with appropriately fire-rated walls or partitions. The International Building Code (IBC) lists the following occupancy classifications. - **What type of fire-suppression system will be required?** This question ascertains whether or not the building will be sprinklered. This can vary based on several factors, including whether the project residential or commercial. A sprinkler system, can also allow a larger building than a non-sprinklered one. - **What type of construction will be used?** The IBC lists the following construction types.

Answer 67

**whether an elevator must be included** based on the use, number of floors, and square footage per floor of the building. **Sprinkler, exit, and parking requirements are not defined** by this criterion.

Answer 68

- A variance addresses situations where **zoning requirements cause undue hardship for a property owner or where zoning requirements do not address a unique situation**. - Generally the application for a variance includes an **explanation of the request and drawings depicting what will be built**. - The request is publicly advertised (often with a sign on the property) and then **goes before a municipal board (such as a planning commission or zoning board)**, and comment is invited from neighbors and other interested parties. The board then makes a decision.

Answer 69

- Materials such as **carpet, fabrics, wallcoverings, and so forth**, are **assigned a flame-spread rating that measures the amount of smoke and flame the material generates as it burns**. - If two visually identical materials are equal in cost, a decision should be made by **comparing the specifications and selecting the product of higher quality**. - **The flame-spread rating is one such property to take into consideration**. - While **fire resistance** is very important, the term refers to the ability of complete separation assemblies **(walls, doors, floors, partitions)** to resist the passage of fire, **not to a property of finish materials**. - **Conductivity and albedo are properties of materials that relate to energy**, but these would not likely be of much help in a situation comparing similar materials.

Answer 70

- requirement -- an elevator to have bathrooms equipped with grab bars. -- These buildings are required to have accessible light switches and electrical outlets, -- wheelchair clearances throughout the kitchen, -- accessible common spaces and public areas -- an accessible entry and route throughout the unit. - as needed -- all bathrooms must be equipped with blocking in the walls for the future installation of grab bars if needed.

Answer 71

- also known as assembly spaces, most often fall under **assembly occupancy** - however, when the planned **occupant count is less than 50**, it can be advantageous to classify the space as a **business occupancy**. - If the occupancy of a gathering space used for **education exceeds 100**, it becomes classified as an **educational space**. - Storage, utility, and industrial spaces are not primarily used for gatherings.

Answer 72

- **New design/construction and significant renovations of public and commercial facilities are required to meet the standards of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)**. This includes all work areas and temporary construction facilities **that are open to the public**. - Exceptions are made for certain facilities **that are not publicly accessible, or places that are required by their function to be raised**. Such exceptions include temporary **construction facilities closed to the public (i.e., job site trailers and scaffolding), nonpublic animal containment areas, non-occupiable utility areas (i.e., server rooms), tollbooths, waterslides, wrestling rings, and raised stands for officiating or announcing sporting events**. - A petting zoo is a **public facility** and is therefore required to meet the standards of the ADA.

Answer 73

During this phase, **- function, - form, - economy - time** are the major considerations.

Answer 74

- The **number of people** in a space, - the **equipment or furniture** needs, - the **activity** in the space

Answer 75

For this analysis, - the condition of the **foundation** - primary **structural frame**

Answer 76

- In planning the location of a building on a site, **the location of the sanitary sewer** should be considered before the locations of the water main, underground telephone line, and power line. - Because the sanitary sewer needs **gravity flow to work properly and because the elevation of the sanitary sewer in the street is established, the location of the building may be determined by the maximum distance from the building to the existing street sewer that still results in the minimum required slope of the sewer line**.

Answer 77

The Natural Step (TNS) framework is based on scientific principles; is focused on the beginning of **cause-effect relationships; and incorporates the wider environment _social-economic_ system in its thinking**. Designed to **guide actions and behaviours** TNS framework works towards achieving sustainability.

Answer 78

1:12, 8.3%

Answer 79

10% not to have fire separation

Answer 80

A - assembly B - business E - educational F - factory and industrial H - high hazard I - institutional M - mercantile R - residential S - storage U - utility and miscellaneous

Answer 81

- You should have a basic understanding of the five general types of construction, I, II, II, IV and V. - You will most likely encounter I, II and V - Types I and II are non-combustible materials, like steel and concrete - Type V is “any material” which is what we generally use with wood framed construction. - A or B designators DO NOT have anything to do with whether a building has sprinklers or not. - They differentiate the level of protection different building elements must have - A Type IA exterior wall will have a higher fire-resistance rating requirement than a Type IB wall. - A Type VA structural framing member will have a higher fire-resistance rating requirement than Type VB - Sprinklers DO give you a lot of leeway in the code...lower ratings, more area, more height, but that is noted through exceptions and formulas, NOT through the A & B types.

Answer 82

(B) It is a civil rights legislation. (C) It was written in 1990. - (E) An inspection for compliance is required for a certificate of occupancy. : ADA is mostly complain based and this will be checked during substantial completion

Answer 83

- temporary facilities associated with the process of construction (job site trailer, scaffolding) - raised areas used primarily for security or life safety (lifeguard tower, security guard tower) - non-occupiable service areas accessed infrequently for maintenance or monitoring (catwalks, penthouses, pump rooms) - single occupant structures accessed from above or below grade (such as a tollbooth accessed through an underground tunnel) - raised structures for officiating sporting events - water slides - nonpublic animal containment areas - raised boxing and wrestling rings

Answer 84

Adobe means a building material mix of earth and straw. American Indians started building houses with adobe in the **1400s**. Spanish elements were added when the Spanish conquered the region in the **1600s**. Northern Europeans took over later.

Answer 85

The first log cabins in the Americas were built by emigrants from Sweden and Finland. Log cabins had been **built in these countries for thousands of years**. One man working alone could build a small log cabin in a few weeks. It went much faster if he had help.

Answer 86

The Gambrel Roof Barn evolved from the New England Barn in the early **20th Century** as farming became more commercial and less for subsistence. The origin of the name derived from the Medieval term gamba, meaning "horse's leg or hock".......

Answer 87

Pueblo architecture, traditional architecture of the **Pueblo Indians** of the southwestern United States. The multistoried, permanent, attached homes typical of this tradition are modeled after the cliff dwellings built by the Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) culture beginning in approximately 1150 CE. This architectural form continued to be used by many Pueblo peoples into the 21st century.

Answer 88

- what a parcel of land may be **used for** - how large a **structure** may be - **setbacks** to maintain **distance between buildings** - maximum **coverage** of development on a site - minimum **green spaces** that cannot be developed on a site - **parking and loading zone** requirements - other regulations

Answer 89

- Residential zones may include **single-family, low density multifamily, and high-density multifamily dwellings, etc**. - Commercial zones may be divided into **commercial service, commercial-residential, or commercial business district**, among others. - Industrial zones ore typically categorized as **light industrial or heavy industrial**. Other more stringent regulations may apply to specific regions. This is often the case in **historic neighborhoods, landmark districts, or downtown districts, as a few examples**. In such cases, an additional set of requirements **often referred to as an overlay**, is applied.

Answer 90

- **utility easement** allows a utility company to enter the property to install and maintain services above or below ground within the boundaries of the easement. No permanent structures can be erected here without the utility company's consent. - **access easement** gives permission for the public to use o portion of a person's fond in order to access another parcel of land that is not served by a public road. - **support easement** allows **for the construction** of a common party wall between two properties. - **joint use easement** allows multiple parties to share an asset, such as a **driveway**. - **scenic easement** protects views from obstruction by development. - **conservation easement** limits land use in forge areas.

Answer 91

- **Restrictive covenants** limit the **use of the property by the buyer**. A common example would be the developer of a large plot of land selling off subdivided parcels carrying restrictive covenants. **They may include setbacks, building size, and material types for exterior use to control o uniform aesthetic or standard**. - **Affirmative covenants** require the buyer to **perform a specific duty in the future**, such as building and **maintaining a fence** along the property line, for example. - **Conditional covenants** permit the title of a property to **revert to the original owner if restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed**. - **Rights-of-way** are the **legal right**s of a party or the public to **traverse land belonging to anothe**r. The most common example of right-of-way is the **public land used for streets and sidewalks**. An **access easement** is also an example of right-of-way.

Answer 92

- **brownfield** probably would be the most buildable because, although it would take additional money and time, **contaminates could be removed or otherwise mitigated**. In addition, **federal tax credits and incentive programs may be available to encourage the use of a brownfield site**. - **A floodplain** would be very difficult to build on, assuming the **local, state, and federal regulations allowed it at all**, because **increased construction costs and continuing insurance costs** could make it economically infeasible. - **Wetlands and endangered species habitats could not be used for development**.

Answer 93

**3. redeveloping a brownfield 4. reducing light pollution 5. locating close to public transportation 6. providing high-reflectance roofing** - below are pr-requisite for LEED -- 1. reducing construction activity pollution -- 2. including building-level water metering

Answer 94

1. define the problem 2. have owner describe project goals 3. develop programmatic concepts 4. collect data 5. reconcile list of spaces with project budget

Answer 95

- The **cool region** includes all of Canada, the northern part of the middle United States, and the mountainous regions of Wyoming and Colorado. - The **temperate region** includes most of the middle latitudes of the United States, including northwest and northeast areas of the country. - The **hot-humid region** includes the southeastern parts of the country. - The **hot-arid region** stretches from Southern California across the desert southwest to portions of southern Texas.

Answer 96

- The first line of defense for site security is **perimeter protection, such as fences**. - **Controlling access/parking and on-site security, such as night lighting is secondary**. - The **final layer** of security is **building envelope** protection, such as **video surveillance**.

Answer 97

A design temperature is the **threshold that the temperature does not pass for 99% of the hours in a year**. In other words, for 1% of the hours in the year (roughly 88 hours), the temperature drops below the winter design temperature, and for another 1% of the hours in the year, the temperature rises above the summer design temperature. **This means that 98% of the time, the temperature falls between these limits**.

Answer 98

usable space

Answer 99

- thermal inertia will absorb heat throughout the hot day, then release it slowly overnight when the temperature drops. - Anthropomorphic design relates to human characteristics that give human like looking to object - Embodied energy is the amount of all energy required to produce, deliver, and install a product. - Composite construction is two or more materials acting together to support a load.

Answer 100

**- Is it appropriate for reuse? - Does it have historic value? - Is it best suited for renovating, repurposing, preserving, or demolishing? - Is it structurally stable? - Does it contain hazardous materials?** The evaluation process is intended to help determine whether the project is realistic and the existing. **space can successfully accommodate the programmatic requirements**.

Answer 101

- Site features - Configuration of the building - Structure of the building - Roof - Exterior envelope - Mechanical systems - Plumbing - Electrical systems - Fire protection systems - Major equipment - Finishes - Compliance with accessibility requirements

Answer 102

When evaluating the attributes of a historic structure to determine if it is best suited for renovating, repurposing, preserving, or demolishing, **it is important to consider what level of protection is most appropriate for the structure**. Specific standards for these treatments are available from the **Historic Preservation Service office or at the National Park Service website**. - **Preservation** attempts to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair. It reflects a building's continuum over time and the respectful changes and alterations that have been made throughout the building's lifespan. - **Rehabilitation** emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but **gives more latitude to replacement, typically because the property is more deteriorated before work begins**. - **Restoration** focuses on the retention of materials from the **most significant time in a property's history** while permitting the removal of materials from other periods. - **Reconstruction** is the least historically accurate approach. It allows the opportunity to re-create a non- surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in new materials.

Answer 103

- Retro commissioning is the **same as building commissioning**, but applied to **existing buildings**. It is the systematic investigation of an existing building **to improve and optimize its functionality, operation, and maintenance**. It would involve the exploration of **all building systems to evaluate efficiency and conditions**. - **Making decorative or aesthetic improvements, removing toxic substances, or rehabilitating historic elements _would not be part of retro commissioning_**.

Answer 104

Programming is the stage of **defining the problem and establishing all the guidelines and needs on which the design process can be based**. It is a time for analyzing all aspects of the problem and distilling its complexities into a few clear statements. Programming is often conducted in a **five-step process**: **Establishing Goals Collecting Facts Uncovering Concepts Determining Needs Stating the Problem**

Answer 105

- **Function** relates to the **people and activities** within the space or building and their relationships. - **Form** relates to the **site, the physical and psychological environment** of the building, and the quality of **construction**. - **Economy** concerns **money: the initial costs, operating costs, and life-cycle costs**. - **Time** concerns the **past, present, and future** as they affect the three considerations.

Answer 106

**Methods for outlining criteria** - Benchmarking - Area Take-offs - Room Data Sheets **Methods for analyzing spatial relationships** - Adjacency Matrix - Adjacency / Bubble Diagram - Blocking/ Stacking Diagram

Answer 107

- **Room data sheets** would explain **detailed requirements of the rooms/ including what types of equipment, furniture**, and spaces are required. - **Area takeoffs** would indicate roughly how much **space is needed for each piece of the program**. - **A blocking diagram** would be helpful to study **both area takeoffs and adjacencies** simultaneously

Answer 108

Geotechnical Reports Structural Assessments Utility Surveys Topographic Maps Demographics Regional Context Environmental Data Historic Reports

Answer 109

- **A primary space** hosts a main activity, and a **subsidiary space** hosts on axillary activity - **Front of House** is for guests of a service, and **Back of House** is not intended for the public to experience - **Occupied or unoccupied** describe whether a space is intended for inhabiting **(kitchen vs closet)** - **Assigned or unassigned** describes whether a space houses a programmed activity **(cooking vs storage)** - **Gross square footage is the whole building, and net square footage is only assignable spaces**

Answer 110

Residential functions may be generally divided as follows **Sleeping spaces, studies, and adjacent baths are in a quiet zone**, while all other residential functions fall into a noisy zone.

Answer 111

**When analyzing spatial relationships, it is important to understand a few basic concepts of human behavior. Examples are as follows** - **Behavior setting** is **particular place**, with definable boundaries and objects within the place, in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a **particular time**. - **Densit**y is the **number of people** per unit area. - **Proxemics** is a term coined by **anthropologist Edward Hall** and now **used to describe the study of the spatial requirements of humans** and the effects of **population density on behavior, communication, and social interaction**. - **Territoriality** is a behavioral system in which a person, animal, or group lays **claim to an area and defends it against others**.

Answer 112

- Affinity describes the relationship between two functions that are **interdependent or need to be in physical proximity to each other**. - Another term used to express this relationship is **adjacency**.

Answer 113

- **Room data sheets are questionnaires completed by end users or by programming team members based on interviews with end users of the spaces within a building**. They are designed to help the programmer better understand the uses of the space, the people and things that the space is required to house (occupants, furniture, and equipment), unique finish or construction requirements, and any special mechanical, electrical, or acoustical requirements. The results of the surveys a e then compiled into a document that helps the programmer to determine the appropriate area and location of each space within a building based on the established criteria. - Room data sheets are most effective for programming studies of buildings with many varying types of spaces. However, for buildings with lots of repetitive spaces or hard-to-define end users, they are not very helpful. Therefore, **the best application of room data sheets listed is the high school, because the function and use of the rooms may vary greatly, and teachers and administrators could be interviewed about the needs of each space to determine appropriate sizes and relationships**.

Answer 114

- **Designing environments so individuals can maintain a comfortable distance between them** - **The concept of personal space**, as developed by Edward T Hall, states that four basic distances can be understood to exist in the study of human behavior, each one appropriate for different private and social situations. These are **the intimate distance, the personal distance, the social distance, and the public distance**. The theories of personal space are described by Edward T. Hall in The Hidden Dimension and by Robert Sommer in Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design.

Answer 115

Sheet Drain captures and removes subsurface water, reducing hydrostatic pressure to help prevent saturation of surfaces and costly property damage

Answer 116

**- Project comparison method - Area method - Assembly method - Client based budget**

Answer 117

**Project Comparison Method** - Cost and budget are estimated based on past projects of **similar scope and type** Often used when setting **initial budget** or determining project feasibility Typically accurate within _15%-25%_ **Area Method** - Typically used **when preliminary design is complete** - Good idea of size and scope of project, given programmatic and functional areas, and **general quality of the project** Cost is associated with a square footage : Can be general or based on different program types depending on the project Typically accurate within _5%-15%_ **Assembly Method** - Based on **major sub-systems of the project** - Historical cost information for each sub-system used is applied and calculated based on the amount of each system in the project Values for **low, average, and high quality construction** : can be applied based on project quality goals - Typically accurate within _10%_ **Client Based Budget** - Client can give you or set a budget - Use any method of budget/cost estimating to back into project estimate

Answer 118

- Typically broken down based on each project phase - Each phase is given an estimated schedule based on -- Size and complexity of the project -- Number of people working on the project -- Abilities and design methodology of the design team -- Type of client and client's decision making abilities - Schedule estimating techniques similar to budgeting can be applied

Answer 119

A rural community is one with lots of nature and open spaces, with fewer people and buildings than urban or suburban areas

Answer 120

- Use of the building - Building scale - Control needs - Available fuels - Climatic zone - Flexibility - Economics - Energy efficiency

Answer 121

**- Schedule - Cost - Fire resistance - Integration of other building systems**

Answer 122

**path that must be traversed before two separate** and distinct paths of travel to two different exits are available

Answer 123

- **Roof ponds** add thermal mass to the building; when used in tandem with high thermal mass building materials and night flushing, it is possible to take advantage of the cool nighttime temperatures. - **Courtyards** help keep cooled air within the living space - **the fountains** cool through evaporation and have a psychological effect of making the space seem cooler. - **Evaporative coolers are only effective in this type of climate, but this is not a passive cooling technique**. - **Limited windows on the north side do little to cool a building passively**. - Windows on the east and west sides of the building may not help with cooling in this climate.

Answer 124

- The security for a mortgage loan is real property. - Mortgages are always provided by lending institutions. : not true - Second mortgages generally carry greater risk than first one - When a mortgage loan is repaid, the mortgage is cancelled.

Answer 125

- **A solar shading study** would show how the proposed building would block sunlight on other buildings as well as on the streets and outdoor areas. - **An imageability** study determines how existing buildings, streets, and public spaces **contribute to the neighborhood’s** image; that is, those elements defined by Kevin Lynch in his book, The Image of the City. - **A study of the neighborhood’s historic context** would reveal significant historic structures and influences and may suggest **how the proposed building could better fit into the community**. - **A view analysis** would show the significant views from the site and indicate where windows, entries, and how other features on the proposed building should be positioned. - In a dense urban area, **drainage would not be an important consideration** for early site analysis, as most of the site would be taken up with buildings. **Land values would have already had an effect on the decision to purchase the site** and are not critical for site analysis prior to design.

Answer 126

**Sociopetal space** promotes contact between people, such as chairs facing one another, while **sociofugal space** discourages human contact, such as chairs placed back to back

Answer 127

- the least appropriate recommendation will be to remove the trim, install furring and insulation, replace the plaster, and reinstall the trim. - The small amount of energy efficiency that might be gained through such a process will be far outweighed by the expense and the risk of destroying historic materials. - **The proportions of the spaces will be changed with the addition of a few inches of new wall, which will not be acceptable**. - In addition, **it would not be appropriate to replace the roof with one of another material because new shingles could be found to approximate the original**. - **Ceilings should be kept in their original condition as much as possible; another solution to lighting could be found**.

Answer 128

- As a Group I (institutional) occupancy, -- **a nursing home would be required to have extensive alarm systems and be sprinklered throughout**. -- Occupants of institutional buildings, such as **hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes**, often have limited mobility and require more warning and time to evacuate the building in case of fire. - Group B (business) occupancies, -- **such as office buildings and print shops, are not required to be equipped with automatic sprinkler systems**, -- small Group B occupancies are not required to have alarm systems if the occupant load is low or if the sprinkler system is equipped with flow valves that activate an alarm when sprinkler water flows. -- **The requirements for motels are slightly less stringent than for institutional occupancies, especially for those buildings not more than two stories in height**.

Answer 129

is a widely accepted method of rating walls and doors according to their typical or overall resistance to sound transmission.

Answer 130

- Curb radius should be 12 feet minimum. - Compound curves should be avoided - Traffic lanes should be about 12 feet wide. - Parking lanes are generally preferred. - Intersections should be at right angles wherever possible.

Answer 131

- The science of designing things and spaces so that they can be used most efficiently and comfortably by people is called ergonomics. - Ergonomics considers the size and proportions of the **human body and analyzes how people interact with an object or their environment, with the goal of making objects and spaces easier to use, safer, and more efficient**.

Answer 132

It basically deals with the **social and economical considerations**. Social considerations are related to the habits of the people and the various social aspects are- 1. **Density of Population** – Quality of life will be affected 2. **Age Group** – Habits vary according to the age group 3. **Literacy Level** 4. **Religion** – Different cultures and rituals 5. **Family Status** – Nuclear family / Joint Family / Marriage Status

Answer 133

- Environmental impact statements evaluate the **intrusion and impact of large groups of people on the existing environment** - **The number of employees** - **Employee traffic** - Employee **working hours**

Answer 134

- **Specifying materials with low albedo and high conductivity will help to moderate the microclimate**. - Albedo is a measurement of a material’s solar reflectance: **the higher the number, the more reflective the surface** - Conductivity measures the speed with which heat travels through a material. - **Examples of materials with low albedo are traditional concrete and dark-colored gravel. Materials with high conductivity include sand and soil**.

Answer 135

- **Legal exits are those that provide a protected path of escape from a building in the event of fire**. - **Smokeproof towers are exit stairwells with protection** from smoke and combustion products - **Revolving doors are required to be collapsible in the event of fire or power failure** - **elevators and escalators are unacceptable because loss of power would render them useless** - as are open stairwells **which offer no fire protection**

Answer 136

- sheet drainage : 0.5~1% - parking area : 1.5~5% - falling away from structure: 2% - **Drainage ditches** vary in slope from a minimum of **2% to a maximum of 10%**. - soccer field : 4% - maximum slope of walkway : 5% - **Lawns** should be kept under **25%** to facilitate mowing and maintenance. - The maximum slope for **paved streets is usually between 10-14%**, depending on the region and city, so a 10% maximum would be appropriate. - **Planted banks and unretained earth cuts** are usually limited to a **50% grade**, since slopes steeper than this are highly susceptible to erosion.

Answer 137

Upfeed water supply systems will work in buildings up to approximately **40–60 ft tall**, so the most appropriate choice of the selections given is option (C), 50–60 ft. The exact height depends on a variety of factors, including losses due to static head as well as **the pressure at the water main, which is generally anywhere from 40–80 psi**

Answer 138

Static head is the amount of pressure required to lift water through a piping system in a building. **0.433 psi can lift water 1 ft. For each foot of building height, then, 0.433 psi is lost**. To determine water pressure at each floor of the building, multiply the static head by the building height and subtract this from the pressure at the building main. There must be enough pressure available to operate fixtures on the top floor. These calculations can help a designer to determine the most appropriate type of system for a project.

Answer 139

Span is about 100 ft

Answer 140

‐ Incentive zoning plans must include a **base floor area ratio** (the standard against which to compare) and a **bonus ratio**—the FAR that is provided if the public space is a part of the design, along with a **specific plan for the development** that will trigger the bonus. - **The plans may include caps on the FAR and the bonus FAR**—for example, a bonus may be given for providing public parking in an underground garage to increase from the base FAR of 1.5, but the bonus FAR may not exceed 2. For incentive zoning to be a true incentive, **the value of the additional (leasable) floor area must exceed the cost of providing the public amenity**

Answer 141

**- Modification of airflow - Obstruction of solar radiation - Transpiration of water vapor into the air - Reduction of windchill factor - Filtration of airborne pollutants**

Answer 142

**- the use group - type of construction - may be increased if a fire-suppression system or adequate _street frontage is provided_. - _Local zoning ordinances_ may also restrict the height of a structure**

Answer 143

- A vegetated roof is a roofing system that consists of a layer of plants and soil contained **within an impermeable plastic liner on top of the structural roof assembly**. - **Captured rainwater is used to irrigate the plants**, and the moisture is released back into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. **Because the rainwater is used for irrigation of the plants on the roof, this technique reduces the amount of water that can be harvested for other nonpotable uses**. - A vegetated roof **reduces the impervious surface area on a site**; as the depth of the pan holding the soil and plants increases, the **runoff coefficient of the surface decreases**. - Garden roofs have the added advantage of **minimizing heat island effects**. The roofs may be designed as active gardens requiring tending and watering, or may contain plants that require little to no maintenance. - Generally, the **lifespan of a vegetated roof is longer but the maintenance costs are higher** than would be incurred on a black or white roof.

Answer 144

A conditional use permit is given by a city or other zoning jurisdiction for a **nonconforming use (a proposed use that would otherwise not be allowed in a particular zoning district)**. Nonconforming use permits are most often given when the exception is in the public’s best interest.

Answer 145

- **total building group** : the university campus as a whole would be considered the total building group, which describes all buildings that make up a campus or **total master plan**. - **component building** : The art school would be a component building, **an individual building** of the campus. - **activity center** : The photography department would be an activity center, **spaces related by program or function**. - **space unit** : An individual **class room** would be a space unit.

Answer 146

- Exits can pass through the **retail store, restaurant, or residential hallway**. - Exits cannot pass through **kitchens, storage rooms, closets, or other similar spaces**.

Answer 147

- Net area measures only the commonly used spaces and **does not include circulation or non-occupied zones**. - Assignable area is a term often used when discussing leasable square footage, but the **meaning is the same as net area**. - **Both are measured from the inside of the walls and do not include space dedicated to structure**

Answer 148

- a **retention pond** is **intended to hold a certain amount of water _at all times_**, and it begins to feed into the drainage system when the water level rises beyond a certain threshold. This allows the pond to receive water runoff during periods of heavy rain and hold the water as it filters into the drainage system, which prevents flash flooding. - A **swale** is a low area that is often wet, but usually **does not contain flowing water**. - A **detention pond** is very similar to a retention pond, but it **is not designed to hold water at all times**. It catches water during times of heavy rainfall and slowly empties into the drainage system. - **An aquifer is permeable earth that allows the passage of water underground. Aquifers are the **water sources for wells**.

Answer 149

- **Heat loss is _10 times_ greater through glass than walls**. - For this reason, it is beneficial to use minimal glass in the facade of a building in a cold climate. Insulated glazing units (IGUs), low-ε coatings, and laminated glass can help reduce the extreme heat loss of glass

Answer 150

- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration sets forth requirements for the **contractor meant to protect workers on the construction site**. The contractor is required to maintain a clean and organized site to increase the safety of workers entering and crossing the site, handling and storing materials, and operating equipment and machinery.

Answer 151

- The American National Standards Institute sets forth **standards for industrial products, such as mechanical elements, window assemblies, and curtain wall components**.

Answer 152

- The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development **supports community development and homeownership opportunities, enforces the _Fair Housing Act_, prevents housing discrimination, and works to reduce homelessness**.

Answer 153

- The International Code Council is a member organization that **develops model design and building codes** to facilitate the building of safe, economical, responsible, and resilient structures.

Answer 154

Leeward of building

Answer 155

- Offset intersections, as well as two-way intersections, should be avoided. - Site entrances are best located off collector streets, - they are required to have a minimum angle of 80°. - Site entrances should be located at least 150 ft from another intersection.

Answer 156

- Local streets provide direct access to a building site **because they connect to the pedestrian circulation system and have a lower capacity of cars than collector streets**. - **Intersections of local streets are generally controlled by stop signs**, not by traffic signals, - **street parking is often allowed**. - **Site entry close to an intersection is considered dangerous and should be avoided, regardless of the type of street** the site is accessed from

Answer 157

- Building within a **grouping of trees** would be the best strategy for protecting the building from harsh winds. Trees planted in a group 5**0 ft to 150 ft** deep can **reduce wind velocity from 30% to 60%**, depending on the density of the trees. - Building close to **water would increase the exposure to wind**. - **Wind speeds are typically greater on a hill, even near the base, than they are on flat ground**. - The windward side of a slope is the side toward the wind direction, so it experiences more wind than the leeward side of the slope which is away from the direction of the wind.

Answer 158

- The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a **civil rights legislation**. - While it is **not part of a national building code, the requirements of the ADA are not optional**. - Owners **must comply** with the requirements or else they are liable for civil suits.

Answer 159

- A stacking block diagram can be used to study **relationships in a section**, so it would be the best method to study a **multilevel building with a regular layout**. - A stacking block diagram of a high-rise hotel would **assist in planning an efficient plumbing layout to ensure elements requiring water are aligned and adjacent**. - Since the layout is relatively uniform, studying a single section would be applicable to the whole building, making it a very efficient method. - A multilevel sports complex does not have a regular layout so it would not be helpful to study in this manner. - Light access for a single-family residence and, parking and entry access in a city courthouse would be best studied **in a plan by means of an adjacency matrix or bubble diagram**.

Answer 160

- Illumination is measured in lux for metric units or footcandles (fc) for imperial units. - **library** needs **500 lux (or approximately 50 fc)** to be adequately illuminated, a level similar to what is needed in **grocery stores**. - **residences and cafeterias** need **200–300 lux (or approximately 20-30 fc)**, - **laboratory** needs **750–1200 lux (or approximately 75-120 fc)**.

Answer 161

A catchment area, also called a **market, trade, or tributary area**, is the geographic area surrounding a location from which the **participants or users of that location will be drawn**. This area can vary in size depending on many factors, including activity type, population and development density, and proximity to surrounding developments and activities

Answer 162

Asbestos was used in many construction materials due to its common availability, high insulating properties, effective sound absorption, and fire resistance. **Asbestos was most commonly used in floor and ceiling tiles, fireproofing, wall insulation, electrical insulation, and plumbing insulation until the 1990s**, when it was phased out and eventually banned due to the harmful effect it has on a person’s health.

Answer 163

- A sun chart can be used **to read solar azimuth and altitude by plotting the position** of the sun over a certain location for **each hour (time) between sunrise and sunset and for each month (date)** of the year. - The solar azimuth is the angular distance of the location from the north, measured clockwise. - The altitude is the height of the location in relation to the horizon. It is important to note that sun charts are specific to a latitude and longitude and the information shown on these charts will vary from location to location

Answer 164

While furniture, fixtures, and equipment (FF&E) is considered an **additional service for an architect, it is still necessary to begin considering FF&E during the programming phase** to fully understand the spatial needs and restraints of the spaces. Laying out furniture helps verify that the size and proportions of the spaces are appropriate. Waiting until the design is complete to begin adding the furniture layouts could cause extra work and delays if a problem is uncovered.

Answer 165

- During preliminary scheduling, the architect should allow **additional time for coordination with consultants’ work**. - The architect **should make the timeline accord with the client’s decision-making process**, not vice versa. - A preliminary project timeline **should be made immediately after a commission** has been awarded, not after completion of schematic design. - It is standard to plan for **client reviews at the end of each phase of design, although additional reviews may be accommodated for larger projects**.

Answer 166

- grading plan may be limited by many site conditions. - The finished **floor height of existing structures and the finished grade of adjacent roads** must be considered and accommodated. - **Property lines affect the plan because water runoff cannot be diverted to adjacent properties**; the grading must successfully **facilitate the flow of water** across the site to an appropriate location. - The **grade of adjacent sites** must be met as well. - **Existing trees and vegetation must be considered**, whether they are to be preserved, transplanted, or removed. - **Solar access and setbacks set limitations on the placement of the structure rather than the grading of the site**.

Answer 167

The common path of travel is defined as the portion of exit access the **occupants are required to traverse before two separate and distinct paths of exits are available**.

Answer 168

- While all of these factors are relevant in determining if a project calls for a central system or individual units, **the building occupancy is the most relevant**. - **A central station is more efficient for a building with large open spaces (for instance an auditorium) regardless of the size of the space,** - whereas **individual units may be more useful for a building with many smaller partitioned spaces, such as a hotel**. - Location will affect the HVAC load requirements, but it would not affect the decision to use a central system of individual units

Answer 169

- a **100-ft setback** from any wetlands should be maintained - avoid building on prime farmland - avoid on elevations less than **5 ft above the 100-year floodplain** - avoid potential historic sites

Answer 170

- Due to the low angle of the sun in the winter months and the height of the surrounding building, the courtyard in the center of a mid- to high-apartment complex would get very little direct sunlight during the winter months. - **This would cause the ground to dry slowly after a rainfall, resulting in muddy or icy conditions**, adversely affecting the function of the courtyard. - **Heavy winds would not be an issue, as the courtyard would be sheltered by the surrounding buildings**. - Erosion would not be a problem as long as the ground is graded properly and has sufficient ground covering. - **Fog typically appears in open areas rather than courtyards**.

Answer 171

- Creating official pathways where shortcuts and alternate paths are needed will promote foot traffic, - occupied spaces are safer than unoccupied spaces. - For the same reason, **grouping activities will produce areas of concentrated occupancy**, as opposed to dispersing individuals across the site, **which is much safer**. - **Play areas should have secure boundaries, and all areas should be well lit and visible to the public**.

Answer 172

- A **scenic easement** prevents development that would obstruct desirable views. - A **setback** is a specified amount of open (unbuilt) space required by code to separate a building from adjacent buildings, streets, or properties in order to preserve the desired quality and amount of light, air, and spaciousness. - **Building lines establish planned street patterns so a building is not erected in the path of a future street or area of potential street widening**. - **The floor-to-area ratio** limits how much built floor is allowed based on the overall area of the site, and it is used to restrict areas of extremely dense building. - **Right-of-way** and reconstruction are not methods of ensuring cities grow in a desirable way. A right-of-way is the right of one person to travel across another person’s land. Reconstruction is the act of re-creating a destroyed historic site, landmark, building, or other object.

Answer 173

‐ The number of required accessible parking spaces is determined by the **overall number of required parking spaces, the details of which are outlined in the Americans with Disabilities Act**. - **The program is also important, as some medical facilities have more stringent requirements**. Outpatient hospital facilities must have 10% of their parking spaces be accessible, and outpatient physical therapy offices must have 20% of their parking spaces be accessible.

Answer 174

- **The Proctor test** determines the **optimum compaction of site** fill based on its density and optimum moisture content. - **A pit test** is simply a pit dug in the soil to allow **visual inspection** of the soil. - **A dry sample boring** is not a test but a **method of extracting soil samples**. - **A soil load test** determines **the design load of soil** by applying steadily increasing loads on a platform placed on the site.

Answer 175

a quantity representing the power to which a fixed number (the base) must be raised to produce a given number.

Answer 176

- Sound Transmission Class (STC). This rating is concerned with speech isolation. - Impact noise of a material is rated by an Impact Isolation Class (IIC). - Amplification and reverberation are functions of the absorptive characteristics of a material rated by a Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC).

Answer 177

- Because silts and clays are very porous, they allow water to migrate **above the water table on a site**. - **Fine-grained soils are more likely to be affected by freezing** and thawing than coarse-grained soils. - Organic soil is never a suitable material for foundation support. - Footings should always be **placed below the frost line** to protect them from the effects of freeze/thaw heaving.

Answer 178

- **A variance** is an **allowed deviation from zoning regulations**. They are often granted **where it is impossible or difficult to meet a zoning requirement or where a zoning ordinance does not completely cover unusual conditions**.When a building design exceeds the maximum height allowance and the building height cannot be reduced, the owner should apply for a variance. - **A conditional use permit** is given by a city or zoning jurisdiction to allow, **if certain conditions are met, an otherwise prohibited use**. This would not be appropriate for a situation where the allowed building height was exceeded. - **A planned unit development (PUD)** is a planning tool for large tracts of land that **gives a developer discretion in how the land is developed**. Aspects of the plan must comply with standards and restrictions determined by the local planning agency

Answer 179

Generally, spaces intended to highlight spoken-word presentations should be “dead” spaces; that is, they should have short reverberation times. Musical presentations generally sound best in spaces with long reverberation times, or spaces that are “live.”

Answer 180

- **Condominium is a form of ownership in which a buyer obtains absolute title** to a portion of a structure. It can be used for either residential or commercial applications. Usually, a condominium owner has common tenancy of the land, parking areas and access roads, and site improvements (pools, tennis courts, etc.) associated with the property. **Often fees are assessed to condominium owners to cover the expenses of maintaining these common areas**. Owners can sell their properties and are responsible for paying their own property taxes. - **Fee simple means that the owner has absolute title to the property and may sell it to another person, if desired**. - **Leasehold entitles the lessee to the use of the property for a specified period of time**, _during which the lessee pays rent_. The lessee may not sell the property, but may sell the right to occupy the property, which is called a sublease. - **Cooperative ownership means that the owner does not hold the title to the property, but _owns a share of a corporation that owns the property_**. In return, the stockholder may occupy a portion of the property. The person may sell their stock to another individual or company, but the corporation always retains full ownership of the building and land.

Answer 181

- To determine if a site and its potential use are compatible, **an architect and a client must first develop a program, a list of spaces needed in the building and their approximate sizes**. - This document will serve as the **“instruction manual”** for the project. - The architect in this scenario should work with the client to develop this document and compare it against the existing space **to see if the new use is compatible with the old structure. If it is determined to be a good fit, the process of site analysis can move forward.** - After that it will be important to **study code issues, parking requirements, environmental concerns, and the historic value of the property to determine if the project is architecturally feasible**. - Simultaneously, **the client should be developing the project pro forma, which examines the financial feasibility of the project**. If the results of both studies indicate that the project should go ahead, the architect may begin to prepare schematic design concepts for the renovation.

Answer 182

- **A 100-year flood is the maximum flood level with a 1% probability of occurring within a given year**. - This is the standard used by the National Flood Insurance Program for determining risk to a specific property and specifying **which properties are required to have flood insurance to receive federally backed financing.** - Special hazard flood areas are shown on flood insurance risk maps, and properties within the boundaries must comply with special requirements for design and construction, particularly requirements for siting, lowest building elevations, and acceptable materials and construction methods

Answer 183

- Cost evaluations performed during the programming stage often compare a proposed project to a model project of similar size and scope. - **A premium is something that will add cost to a project in comparison to the model. Examples of premiums are short construction periods, unusual contract provisions** (extra insurance, liquidated damages, etc.), challenging site conditions, and nonstandard programmatic elements or client requirements, such as the need to use prevailing wage rates or union labor.

Answer 184

- **An infiltration basin is a pond that temporarily collects water and allows it to be released only through absorption into the earth**. This helps to recharge the groundwater on the site rather than **dumping it into a storm sewer, as a catch basin does**. - **bioswale is a grassy sloped ditch that filters the storm runoff as it is directed away from a building or paved area**. It allows the **water to seep into the ground and also helps to recharge aquifers**. - **cistern is a tank for collecting and storing water**. It is often used with rainwater harvest systems that capture and store rainwater for use in irrigation or nonportable building functions, such as flushing toilets.

Answer 185

- the **use group** - **type of construction** - may be increased if a **fire-suppression system** or adequate street frontage is provided. - **Local zoning ordinances** may also restrict the height of a structure.

Answer 186

- **Neighborhood centers** provide **daily convenience goods** and services. Most have a grocery store or pharmacy as the anchor. Neighborhood centers serve about 7500–20,000 people **within a six-minute driving radius**. The center generally occupies about 4–10 acres, with a building area of about 30,000–75,000 ft2 and an average building size of about 40,000 ft2. - **Community centers are often anchored by a large supermarket and contain some type of variety store in addition to small services and specialty stores**. This type of shopping center serves approximately 20,000–100,000 people. Community centers range in size from about 100,000–300,000 ft2, with an average size of about 150,000 ft2. The center generally occupies 10–30 acres. - **The typical American shopping mall is considered a _regional center_, as is a cluster of large “big box” retailers**. Regional centers draw from a large geographical area and serve 100,000–250,000 people, generally with an average building area of about 400,000 ft2. Total built area may range from 300,000 ft2 to over 1,000,000 ft2. The center generally occupies about 20–50 acres.

Answer 187

- **Uniform capital recovery is used to calculate the annual value of a present value**. Using a discount rate puts the future amount into terms of today’s dollars. - **Uniform present worth expresses a series of uniform annual amounts** (such as an annual maintenance fee) in today’s dollars. - **Uniform sinking fund is used to calculate the amount that will have to be invested today** at a certain interest rate to have a specified amount of money at some point in the future (such as savings for a roof replacement in five years).

Answer 188

Septic drain fields which requires percolation test

Answer 189

- **Local ordinances typically establish view plane restrictions to protect scenic views from a specific point or area**. - Buildings cannot be built that obstruct these views. This is only possible through local control rather than through building codes or easements. - **Although zoning restrictions limit the height and bulk of buildings, they do so based on individual lot restrictions rather than with imaginary lines drawn through a site, or several sites, from some point**.

Answer 190

A radial organizational pattern **best facilitates social interaction, because all inhabitants of a building pass through a central core to move to other spaces**. This pattern is popular in secondary **school design, where wings—a science wing, a humanities wing, the industrial arts shops, and so on—branch off from a central space housing common amenities like the library**.

Answer 191

An axial pattern **connects two major spaces on the main axis with secondary paths** branching off from either side. This organizational pattern is often used for **shopping malls.**

Answer 192

**Most American cities are based on the grid pattern**. This strategy is easy to expand and easy to interpret, even for a first-time visitor. It can become monotonous, though, unless portions of the city or building break from the grid to form areas of surprise and complexity.

Answer 193

A precinctual pattern works well for **buildings that house a number of dispersed activities**. This organizational technique could be used for an **office building** housing several distinct companies. Advantages of this strategy are flexibility, efficiency, and economy.

Answer 194

- Abrupt vertical changes in level cannot exceed **1/4 in** as with all accessible routes. - An accessible route such as a sidewalk cannot have a slope greater than **1:20 (5%)** unless it is treated as a ramp and is in compliance with all ramp requirements, including handrails, curbs, and requirements for maximum rise and length. - Cross slopes may be up to **1:50 (2%)** for drainage. - Walking surfaces must be at least **36 in wide**. - it doesn't require egress court which is for private egress for private property

Answer 195

- **_Zoning regulations_ limit total building area based on floor area ratio and setbacks**, - while **_building codes_ limit building area by construction type and occupancy group**. - Bulk plane limits may affect the area by limiting height in some cases, but they are not a primary determinant.

Answer 196

- The soil report recommends drilled piers to bedrock but also offers the alternative of spread footings if certain conditions are met. **Shallow spread footings are less expensive than drilled piers.** - A **steel frame is less expensive than masonry bearing walls** while **offering more flexibility for building configuration**. - **Open-web steel joists** provide for quick construction and easily span the required distances **without the need for interior columns, which are essential for the second floor community meeting room**. Joists are less expensive that heavier steel beams.