PPD_PPI_1 Flashcards

Question

importance factor (i)

Answer 1

A factor used in earthquake and wind design, whose value varies between 1.0 and 1.5. This provides that certain essential facilities, such as hospitals and fire and police stations, be designed for seismic and wind forces greater than normal. In this way, such emergency facilities are expected to be safe and usable following an earthquake or severe windstorm.

Answer 2

Appropriation of private property for public use, together with acceptance for such use by a public agency.

Answer 3

A statement, often required by a governmental body, which assesses the environmental impact of a **proposed development**.

Answer 4

A type of zoning that permits a developer to reduce the minimum lot size below the requirements of the zoning ordinance if the land gained thereby is preserved as permanent community open space.

Answer 5

An entrance.

Answer 6

Construction to resist the spread of fire, as specified in the applicable building code.

Answer 7

The right of an owner to have ingress and egress to and from a property.

Answer 8

East-west lines, running perpendicular to meridian lines, from which townships are established on government surveys.

Answer 9

The azimuth describes the compass orientation of the sun. The answer is (D).

Answer 10

The answer is pleasant. Air movement is only one factor that determines the degree of comfort. Other factors are temperature, humidity, and radiation. At an average temperature of 75 degrees with about 30% relative humidity, air moving at 100 fpm is quite pleasant. At less than 50 fpm, air is generally unnoticeable; while at 250 fpm or more, breezes can be drafty and annoying. The answer is (A).

Answer 11

An aquifer is the permeable underground rock or earth through which water flows. The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is the groundwater table. The answer is (D).

Answer 12

The answer is the intersection of an arterial and a collector street. All of the other choices would create congestion or safety hazards. The answer is (C).

Answer 13

The answer is leasehold. Under a leasehold, the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under certain conditions that are described in the lease. The answer is (C).

Answer 14

The answer is absolute ownership of land without condition. Under fee simple ownership, land can be used or transferred by its owner as he or she pleases. The answer is (B).

Answer 15

The answer is halfway down a slope. The top of a hill is windy, and the bottom of a hill—whether or not between two hills—may have little air circulation and experience fog and cold air. Halfway down a slope, preferably one that is south-facing, is usually the best location for a residence. The answer is (B).

Answer 16

The answer is relative to a specific area. This is a fairly simple problem, but you may come across something similar on the exam. Note that density as such is a description of population in relation to horizontal space. The answer is (C).

Answer 17

A measure of the frequency, intensity, and distribution of earthquakes in a given area.

Answer 18

The amount of energy released by an earthquake, as measured by the Richter scale. Magnitude refers to an earthquake’s energy, while intensity refers to an earthquake’s effects.

Answer 19

The theory that explains earthquake phenomena.

Answer 20

The arbitrary limits that define the boundaries between the different states of rigidity or fluidity of fine-grained soils.

Answer 21

A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake (i.e., its effects on people and buildings). The scale varies from I (not felt except under especially favorable circumstances) to XII (damage nearly total).

Answer 22

The highest sustained average wind speed, based on the time required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed joint.

Answer 23

A factor used in seismic design that depends on the seismic zone in which a site is located.

Answer 24

Sound transmission class (STC) is a numerical rating of how well a building partition blocks airborne sound. **The higher the STC rating, the better sound isolation the partition provides**. STC is used to compare products such as doors, windows, walls, ceilings and floors made by different manufacturers - higher number means higher sound proof

Answer 25

Payment of money by a developer in place of meeting all or part of stormwater performance standards.

Answer 26

A form of leasehold in which the **owner of a piece of property recovers the capital invested in the property but retains the use of the property**.

Answer 27

Nondiscrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

Answer 28

A form of land ownership in which the owner has absolute title, which can be transferred by sale or bequest.

Answer 29

A form of real estate tenancy in which the lessee has the **right to use a piece of property under conditions described in the lease**.

Answer 30

An apartment building in which the dwelling units are **individually owned**

Answer 31

An amount established in an agreement between an owner and a contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work.

Answer 32

Equal and undivided ownership of property by two or more persons; upon the death of one, interest passes to the survivor(s).

Answer 33

The systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs.

Answer 34

The four items used to calculate this cost item are labor materials equipment overhead

Answer 35

A regional index should be applied to the national average for this information to be useful.

Answer 36

The first evaluates the alternatives and their costs in present time, while the second analyzes the impact of the system or product over a period of time.

Answer 37

This method is used to establish a bid or a negotiated price.

Answer 38

This project costing method uses a matrix to break down the elements of a project into items that are compared for their cost effectiveness and efficiency.

Answer 39

This method of project budgeting is best employed during design development and the early phases of construction documentation.

Answer 40

Reducing costs by reducing quality can result from this activity.

Answer 41

Describing a material or structural system that tends to fail suddenly without warning when subject to high stresses, as opposed to a ductile material or system, which can absorb energy without failure.

Answer 42

Any truss member not necessary for stability.

Answer 43

A foundation that spreads the load over a large area of soil. It is also called a footing.

Answer 44

The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis.

Answer 45

Continued deformation of a structural member with time and with no increase of load.

Answer 46

A symbol for bending moment.

Answer 47

A horizontal system that distributes lateral forces caused by wind or earthquake to the vertical resisting elements.

Answer 48

A structural system consisting of spaced members solidly sheathed on one or both sides, in which the sheathing forms the flanges and resists flexure while the spaced members comprise the webs and resist shear.

Answer 49

A technique of using natural water evaporation to cool the air in a building. Water absorbs energy from the air when it evaporates into a gas, which leaves the remaining air cooler than before. Buildings can utilize passive evaporation from fountains or slow-moving pools of water or hybrid evaporation with the addition of mechanical devices to control the process.

Answer 50

A zero energy building (ZEB), also called a net-zero building, is a structure that produces as much energy on site from renewable sources as it uses during a year. Strategies include reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, and generating electricity from renewable sources equal to or greater than the amount used.

Answer 51

A renewable energy certificate (REC) is a voluntary program that facilitates consumer purchase of electricity generated from renewable energy sources. Energy sources that qualify include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and low-impact hydropower.

Answer 52

Electric meters that can account for a flow of electricity from a consumer back to the power grid. Electric utilities generally provide rate adjustments or credits to the consumer for power originally generated by the consumer.

Answer 53

A program offered by an electric utility company to purchase electricity generated by consumers. The electricity enters the grid through the consumer’s meter. Consumer-generated power helps reduce the need for utilities to construct new power plants.

Answer 54

A dwelling unit comprising an isolated structure on its own plot of ground.

Answer 55

A house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.

Answer 56

A two-story apartment or house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.

Answer 57

The flow or movement of people, goods, or vehicles from place to place.

Answer 58

One of many apartment units contained in a multi-floor building and accessible by elevators.

Answer 59

An apartment above the ground floor in a building that has no elevator.

Answer 60

Climatic map: * was developed for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, * was adopted by: — International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), — International Green Construction Code (IGCC), — International Residential Code (IRC), — ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.7, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, — by many states as part of their energy conservation regulations, * used by most building codes and standards utilized in the US.

Answer 61

- minimize exposed surface to reduce heat loss (ex. Building with cubical shapes, underground), - minimize northern exposure, - minimize door and window openings on north side of the building, - provide entries with air locks, - design the building and landscaping in order to block winter winds, - passive solar heating is not appropriate due to extremes in temperature and little direct sunlight in the winter, mechanical heating and active solar heating are needed, - use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume, - use large windows facing south, small windows facing east and west, and minimal or no windows facing north, - use interior materials that have high thermal mass, - include summer shading for glazed areas, - use dark or medium-dark colors for the building exterior.

Answer 62

- most difficult to design for without mechanical cooling, - buildings should be planned to maximize the amount of natural ventilation by using narrow floor plans with cross ventilation, large, open windows, porches, and breezeways, - shading is needed, either with veaetation (without blocking ventilation) or with double roofs, - building materials should minimize thermal mass, so that the building does not store up heat during the day and release it at night, - provide shade for all openings, maximize natural ventilation with large openings, high ceilings, and cross ventilation, - use courtyards, - use broad overhangs, - use light colors for the building exterior.

Answer 63

In hot-arid climates: - shade the building from direct sunlight, - use materials with high thermal mass to take advantage of the wide variations between day and night temperatures (the heat stored during the day will be released at night, thermal mass then cools at night for daytime comfort), - use night ventilation to remove heat built up during the day, - Include open courtyards, - if enough water is available use pools to reduce local air temperature through evaporation, - utilize roof ponds for one- or two-story buildings to provide both evaporative cooling and high thermal mass, - utilize evaporative coolers because an increase in humidity with a decrease in air temperature is desirable, - use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume, - minimize opening sizes, - provide shade for openings, - use light colors for the building exterior.

Answer 64

- is a natural way to aid energy conservation, helps balance overheated and underheated periods during the year and react to daily temperature fluctuations, - rectangular building should be oriented with its longer dimension approximately east-west, which minimizes more intense solar radiation from east and west, takes advantage of the heating potential of south-facing surfaces in the winter and shading them in the summer, when sun is higher, - precise angle at which the building should be placed in relation to the east-west datum depends on the climatic region and location of the site,

Answer 65

- **Cold climates**: building's entrances are best located on the leeward side of the building to avoid winter winds, - **Temperate climates**: entrances should be located on the south side to make them more inviting and to capitalize on the natural snow-melting effects of the sun, - **Hot-arid & hot-humid climates**: the building may have to be rotated slightly from this angle to pick up the cooling breezes of the local climate. The long side of a building can be oriented to catch cooling breezes.

Answer 66

* South: need moderate overhangs or horizontal louvers, * East & West: facades should be protected with vertical louvers, * South-East & South-West: facades may need either very wide overhangs or vertical louvers, or both, *Fixed exterior shading devices are usually supplemented with interior window coverings.

Answer 67

- building with a **smaller total surface area will generally use less energy**, because heating and cooling loads depend on thermal conductance of the walls and roof & their respective areas, (sphere is optimal, but cube is more realistic best case option), - **minimizing surface area usually works best in cold climates**; in a different climate, reducing heat loss through the exterior envelope may be less important than other factors, - **Iong, thin buildings make it easier to use daylighting strategies and to capture prevailing winds for natural ventilation**, - **larger buildings may need courtyards and rambling shapes for daylighting and ventilation**,

Answer 68

**An external-load dominated building**. energy use is determined mainly **by the amount of heat loss or gain through its exterior envelope**. Buildings with few occupants per unit area and a small amount of heat gain from lighting, equipment and people. (ex. houses, apartments, condominiums, and warehouses.) **An internal-load dominated building** is one whose energy use is driven by **high heat gain from occupants, lighting, and equipment**. (ex. office buildings, hospitals, retail stores, schools, and laboratories)

Answer 69

Linoleum is a type of floor covering made from natural materials like linseed oil, cork, and resin1. It is durable, eco-friendly, and easy to maintain

Answer 70

- proximity to various modes of transit, - nearby amenities and public services, utilities, noise pollution, - the scale of adjacent buildings, - surrounding facade materials, - historic precedent, and historic preservation requirements.

Answer 71

- Designing with native landscaping is preferred to using exotic or imported plant types. Indigenous plants tend to survive longer, use less water, and cost less. - Placing any structure in a floodplain, even those that resist floodwater, is not desirable. Placing buildings in a floodplain can increase flooding farther down stream. - Buildings sensitive to the benefits of solar orientation and passive and active solar gain techniques save energy and are more visually aligned with local climatic conditions. - In-fill development and proximity to a variety of transportation options are design principles that benefit the inhabitants and their environment. - While some sustainable projects aim to be "off the grid," sustainably designed architectural projects do not necessitate the avoidance of city-supplied utilities. - Evaluating the density of the neighborhood and success of local establishments is, for the most part, insignificant to sustainable design in the planning phase.

Answer 72

- At a remote site, many typical underground utilities may not exist, so alternate power sources will be considered. - In addition, a remote site might not be accessible by large truck and skilled labor may not be available, so factory-premanufactured components will be considered instead of complicated large- span structural systems. - Passive heating/cooling requires no external connection or services, so it is common at remote sites. - Finally, local materials are probably not available in remote locations, so they are not an option.

Answer 73

- Catchment areas refer to the surrounding area around an entity, such as a site, business, residence, utility, resource, amenity, or establishment. - Catchment areas change in size depending on the entity's use, popularity, supply & demand, access, and surrounding entities. - Residential catchment areas are determined primarily by local transit.

Answer 74

- The success of a suburban shopping mall depends most on store type variety, convenient access, and adequate parking. - Climate is relevant only in cases such as outdoor malls in regions subject to extreme temperatures. - Public transit is an important factor for urban malls, but it is less relevant in the typical American suburb. - Lastly, the overall size of the mall is not the most significant factor.

Answer 75

- US public Land survey system - Meridians & parallels are 24 miles apart - Squares between meridian & parallels are called checks - Each check is divided into 16 squares called township - Townships are divided to 36 sections.

Answer 76

Natural Features: - View analysis - Surface conditions of groundwater or rocks - Site's water table Drainage: - Understand site's natural drainage pattern - Manage runoff & beware of changes to runoff coefficient(fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground) resulting from development - If runoff is greater than the capacity of natural drainage onsite holding ponds(detention or retention ponds may be used) Soil: - Gravel: particles over 2mm in diameter. Excellent for construction loads - Sand: particles between 0.05 mm to 2 mm in diameter, Excellent for construction loads - Silt : particles from 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm, swells & heaves when frozen - Clay: Particles under 0.002 mm in diameter, Clay expands when wet.

Answer 77

- **Wetland** : An area where soil is saturated by water frequent enough that it can support growth of plants that adapted to living in saturated soils. - **Swamp** : Large Wetlands with shallow bodies of water. - **Swale** : Swales are long & narrow depression in the land surface. Swales are typically at least seasonally wet & usually vegetated. - **Detention pond** : Low lying areas designed to temporarily hold water while slowly draining to another location. - **Retention pond** : Maintains water permanently, if water level in the pond gets above a specific level then the extra water gets drained to another location through pond drainage.

Answer 78

- Consider full lifecycle of materials & resources - Reduce development on untouched habitats or farmlands., locate buildings & parking on previously developed sites(infill sites or brownfield sites) - Use open grid paving or other pervious paving. - Retain or restore waterways on or near the site. - Implement strategies to reduce heat island effects like vegetated roofs. - Design for adaptability & Versatility. - Use native plants

Answer 79

40 / 8 5 inch

Answer 80

- The house depicted is appropriate for a **temperate climate**, such as that of **Maryland**. - The longest facade is oriented east-west, exposing most windows to the south to take advantage of winter sun. - The porch on the south side shades the first-floor windows in the summer, as does the deciduous tree to the south, which blocks the sun’s rays in the hottest months and allows the sun to shine through during the winter when the tree is bare. Sometimes evergreen trees are planted to the north to block the winter winds. The heat source (fireplace) is located at the end of the building, and the kitchen is located to the north since it will create its own heat

Answer 81

providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an organization, institution, industry, or system.

Answer 82

See IBC 508 for fire separation between mixed use & occupancies ranging from 1 to 4 hours, **Accessory occupancy** - Ancillary to main use. - Does not exceed 10% of floor area of story - Does not need fire separation from main occupancy like a small gift shop in a hospital. - See IBC for exceptions for H, I-I, R-1, R-2, R-3. **Incidental use spaces** - Is ancillary to the main use & classified under the same classification as main use but poses a greater risk level than the main occupancy, see IBC table 509 for incidental uses & separation required, - Can not exceed 10% of floor area of story - Needs fire separation from main use; fire barrier or sprinkler or both

Answer 83

- Types I and Il: Noncombustible - Type Ill : Exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of any material permitted by code. - Type IV : Heavy Timber, HT is that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces. - Type V : least fire resistive

Answer 84

- Construction Type - Whether or not building is fully sprinklered - Building Occupancy - Zoning regulations

Answer 85

Occupant load factor : Floor Area per Occupant

Answer 86

Means of egress: IBC defines means of egress as a continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied portion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct parts: - **The exit access**: Leads to an exit. - **The exit**: Provides a protected path between exit access & exit discharge. - **The exit discharge**: Between the termination of an exit & a public way.

Answer 87

- Based on occupancy - Limit of travel distance & common path of travel. - Occupant load. - Whether or not the building is sprinklered.

Answer 88

Plumbing Fixture count shall be calculated based on number Of occupants & occupancy type Of the building.

Answer 89

- Barrier Free design or universal design - ADA became law in 1990- i€s a civil right law - Accessible routes: -- Corridor width -- Door openings & door opening force -- Slopes -- Stairs -- Turning radius -- Clear floor area -- Toilet rooms & drinking fountains -- Protruding objects -- Signage & alarm

Answer 90

- The answer is 10 kips. The simplest way to solve this problem is to cut a section through member X and draw a free body diagram. - The left and right reactions are each equal to half the total load on the truss, or (5 + 5 + 5) / 2 = 7.5 kips and then take moments about the top of the truss. Moments passing through the point at the top of the truss drop out of consideration, since the distance of their forces perpendicular to the point is zero. - ∑M = 7.5 kips (15 ft) – 5 kips (7.5 ft) + Fx (7.5 ft) = 0 Fx = [–7.5 kips (15 ft) + 5 kips (7.5 ft)] / 7.5 ft = –10 kips = 10 kips tension

Answer 91

- The answer is 1.61 inches. The area is divided into two parts, A and B, as shown. Calculate the area of each part and the statical moment of each part about axis x-x, the top of the area. - The statical moment of Area A is its area multiplied by the distance of its centroid from axis x-x. Area A’s area is 1 in × 5 in = 5 in2, and its statical moment is therefore 5 in2 × 0.5 in = 2.5 in3. Area B’s area is 1 in × 4 in = 4 in2, and its statical moment is therefore 4 in2 × (4 in/2 + 1 in) = 12 in3. The combined area of Area A and Area B is 5 in2 + 4 in2 = 9 in2, and the combined statical moments are 2.5 in3 + 12 in3 = 14.5 in3. The distance y from axis x-x to the centroid of the entire shape is the combined individual statical moments divided by the combined individual areas (14.5 in3/9 in2 = 1.61 in).

Answer 92

A graphic representation of the value of the vertical shear at any point along the beam.

Answer 93

In wind design, the nature of the terrain at a given site, varying from B (the least severe exposure) to D (the most severe exposure).

Answer 94

An internal force in a body that resists an external force.

Answer 95

The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called fundamental period of vibration or natural period.

Answer 96

The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called period or natural period.

Answer 97

- The floor or roof area supported by an individual structural member. - To summarize this, the tributary area is the area surrounding the column bounded by its’ centerline polygon. Following these simple steps we can approximate them easily:

Answer 98

The ratio of the moment of inertia of a beam (I) to the distance from its neutral axis to the most remote fiber (c). Thus, section modulus (s) = I/c. The S-value of a beam is a measure of its ability to resist bending moment.

Answer 99

In seismic design, a structure that has no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in its lateral force resisting system. Regular structures exhibit more favorable and predictable seismic response characteristics than irregular structures.

Answer 100

The moment, caused by wind or earthquake, that tends to overturn a structure.

Answer 101

A perimeter member of a truss.

Answer 102

Increased earth pressure against a retaining wall caused by vertical load behind the wall or a sloping ground surface.

Answer 103

Two-way shear that occurs in a flat slab, spread footing, or pile cap.

Answer 104

The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a semisolid to a plastic state.

Answer 105

A factor used to reduce the capacity of reinforced concrete members to account for possible variations in quality control.

Answer 106

The ratio of water to cement in a concrete mix, the main factor that determines concrete strength.

Answer 107

Any horizontal load on a building, including the load from wind or earthquake.

Answer 108

An inside corner, which occurs in buildings with L-, T-, U-, and cross-shaped plans. Reentrant corners cause high stress concentration during an earthquake unless they are strengthened or a seismic separation is provided.

Answer 109

The total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.

Answer 110

A numerical classification indicating the rate at which a flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame-spread and Class III materials have the most.

Answer 111

A numerical classification indicating the rate at which a flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame-spread and Class III materials have the most.

Answer 112

A building or a portion thereof used for the gathering together of 50 or more persons.

Answer 113

Able to walk.

Answer 114

A code regulating the design and construction of buildings; adopted and enforced by a government agency.

Answer 115

A limitation on the use of property defined by covenant in a deed, by private agreement, or by public legislative action.

Answer 116

The time, in hours, that a material or assembly of materials can withstand exposure to fire.

Answer 117

The process by which private property is taken for public use under the right of eminent domain with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.

Answer 118

A use for property that is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Unless it is unsafe, such a use is generally allowed to continue.

Answer 119

Any street or similar parcel of land, at least **10 feet wide and unobstructed to the sky, which is permanently appropriated to the public for public use**.

Answer 120

The right held by one party to make limited use of the property of another.

Answer 121

The intersection of a railroad and a road at the same elevation.

Answer 122

A repetitive dimension used in architectural design and planning.

Answer 123

A wall built astride a property line between two adjoining buildings.

Answer 124

extending across.

Answer 125

The area over which a city exerts a dominant economic influence.

Answer 126

Planned unit development, a zoning designation that is used to achieve the cluster concept, including commercial and industrial as well as housing development.

Answer 127

A pattern of land use in which several cities of approximately the same size and population are located fairly close to each other but have no dominating center.

Answer 128

Special permission granted to an owner permitting a deviation from zoning requirements normally applicable to the property in question.

Answer 129

The restoration or substantial improvement of a building.

Answer 130

The practice of orienting and sizing a building, its windows, and its internal masses in such a way that it responds to the sun and climate without the use of mechanical equipment.

Answer 131

**Tempered glass or laminated glass** may be used when these factors are concerns.

Answer 132

- latchset is hardware that allows a door to be **held in place**. - lockset is hardware that allows a door to **be locked**.

Answer 133

This is used under a concrete slab on grade **to prevent the migration of moisture through the slab**.

Answer 134

SW brick is required in this kind of climate.

Answer 135

Three ways this kind of roofing system can be attached are - adhered - mechanically fastened - **ballasted**

Answer 136

Three reasons to use this kind of glass are to - control breakage - **control sound** - provide extra security

Answer 137

These exterior units are glazed with **plastic or glass**.

Answer 138

This kind of framing - is noncombustible - is easy to assemble - will not shrink or rot

Answer 139

Three common types of this are - particleboard - oriented strand board (OSB) - plywood

Answer 140

fiberglass insulated doors, solid wood doors, metal insulated doors, or other heat-trapping materials

Answer 141

The three primary methods for this are - chemical treatment - mechanical polishing - coating (including painting)

Answer 142

Three disadvantages of using this material in building are that it - is capable of **high heat conduction** - has much **lower strength than steel** - can exhibit **high galvanic action when exposed to other metals, especially copper**

Answer 143

This building material, used for **cladding, roof tiles, and ornamentation, is a clay** that has been high fired.

Answer 144

- Two advantages to this type of roof are its **resistance to fire and its very long life expectancy**. - Two disadvantages are that this type of **roof is expensive and very heavy**.

Answer 145

This sort of ceiling is restrained by a **rigid vertical strut to prevent uplift** and by lateral braces **using metal wires splayed in four directions and anchored to the structure above**.

Answer 146

This value is the reciprocal of R, thermal resistance to heat transfer.

Answer 147

Transformation of **soil into a liquefied state, similar to quicksand, as a result of earthquake vibrations**.

Answer 148

The assumed distribution of earthquake forces **to various levels of a structure**.

Answer 149

The rate of change of velocity, usually expressed as a fraction or percentage of g, the acceleration of gravity.

Answer 150

**The fastest mile wind speed**, which has a **2% probability of occurring in any one year** measured at a **point 33 feet (10 meters) above the ground**.

Answer 151

An area where local records and terrain features indicate wind speeds **greater than those shown in the building code**.

Answer 152

The location in the earth’s crust where **rock slippage begins** during an earthquake. **Also called the focus**.

Answer 153

The moisture content at which a soil starts to change **from a plastic to a semiliquid state.**

Answer 154

Structures or buildings that **must be safe and usable for emergency purposes after an earthquake** or severe windstorm. Such facilities include **hospitals and fire and police stations**.

Answer 155

The side of a building facing the direction toward which the wind is blowing.

Answer 156

The projection of the focus—where rock slippage begins—**on the ground surface**.

Answer 157

- The technique of placing **additional soil around the perimeter of a building** to utilize the **thermal properties of the soil to reduce the building’s operating energy costs**. - Compared to outdoor air, **soil acts as an insulator and heat sink by dampening temperature fluctuations**. - **Earth berming reduces infiltration and assists in keeping a space cooler in summer and warmer in winter**.

Answer 158

- Material that **originally comes from the living matter of plants and animals**. - Biomass can be utilized as a **renewable fuel source**. - Biomass fuel includes **wood, crops, manure, and certain types of garbage**. - Biomass can be converted into **other fuels such as methane gas, ethanol, or biodiesel**.

Answer 159

- **A vegetated area designed** so that its water supply comes from the natural stormwater run-off from a structure or **other impervious surface on the site**. - **Rain gardens provide an aesthetically pleasing** location for stormwater to collect and infiltrate into the ground.

Answer 160

Plant species that have historically grown in a local area for a significant period of time. Native plants are adapted to local environmental conditions and generally require no irrigation.

Answer 161

Landscape design that utilizes **plants that require no supplemental watering and encourages techniques to reduce water evaporation from the soil**. Xeriscape may be **useful as part of an overall building water conservation strategy**.

Answer 162

- The concept of **how much carbon dioxide is generated and released into the atmosphere** by a product, person, or human activity. - Carbon dioxide has been identified as a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. The carbon footprint of a building takes into consideration site development, construction, and operation.

Answer 163

A length of pipe, running under a road or other barrier, used to drain or carry water.

Answer 164

- The **temperature gradient** within the wall - The **conduction through the wall** - The **conductivity of the material composing the layer**

Answer 165

- A **framing system that consists of story-high trusses spanning transversely between exterior columns** and arranged so that the floor system spans from the bottom chord of one truss to the top chord of the next - The system described in this question is a **staggered truss system, an example of which is shown in the illustration. Staggered truss systems are often used in high-rise apartment buildings** for their efficiency.

Answer 166

- A membrane **adapts to changing loads by changing its shape**. - **A shell, not a membrane, can resist tension, compression**, and shear; a **membrane can only resist tension**. - **Like a cable structure, a membrane changes its shape as the load changes**. - The egg is a shell, not a membrane; an example of a membrane in nature is the **soap bubble**. - Although many air-supported structures have habitable space that is under pressure, **the pressurization is only necessary within the membrane roof, not the occupied space**.

Answer 167

- First cost - Operating cost - Energy consumption - Individual temperature control - Velocity and air quality - System noise - Flexibility of spaces - Floor to floor heights - Minimize system maintenance

Answer 168

- System entrance - Supplied volts - Desired volts - Transformer location - Panel location(s) - Distribution requirements throughout the building - Billing requirements

Answer 169

- Building height - Building demand - Number of fixtures - Venting

Answer 170

- Building size - **Zoning required** - Need for **individual control, humidity control**; - Use **profile of the building** - Occupancies, office building typically use a flexible system like VAV & induction system - **Building scale**: A central station will be used in larger buildings - Fuel available - Climate zone, for example to address humidity or large temperature swings - Flexibility - Economics & integration with Other systems like structure

Answer 171

**Direct Expansion Systems(DX)** - Through wall, roof mount or packages. **Ventilation shall be provided in addition to DX**. **Passes air over evaporator** which cools (or heats with addition of heating coil) **All Air Systems** - **Variable Air Volume(VAV)**: constant temperature, thermostat will be provided **at each zone that controls the damper** - **High velocity dual duct system**: simultaneous **cooling and heating in different zones/ expensive, noisy & inefficient use of energy** - **Reheat(constant volume system)**: humidity & temperature can be carefully controlled, **an economizer cycle can be used to make it more energy efficient** - **Multizone system** : simultaneous **cooling and heating in different zones/ used in medium sized** buildings **All Water Systems** - **uses fan coil units**, **ventilation will be provided separately/ good for temp control but no humidity control**. **Air -Water Systems** - **induction units**, temperature & humidity control/ used in **hospitals or laboratories** **where retum air can't be redistributed**. **Electric Systems**

Answer 172

- **the current** in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage & inversely proportional to the resistance. **I(current)=V(volt)/R(resistance)** - Power is the rate at which work is done- in DC circuit **A watt is the amount of power** in a circuit when **V is one volt & I is one Amp** **P(watt)=V(volt) x I(amp)** for DC Circuits VI (pf)

Answer 173

**Materials** : Conductor are usually either copper or aluminum - **Nonmetallic sheathed cable/Romex**: used in wood framed residential building under 3 stories/inexpensive - **Flexible metal clad cable** : used in remodeling **Conduits are used in larger commercial constructions, there are 3 main types of conduits** - Rigid steel conduits - Intermediate metal conduits - Electric metallic tubing(lightest) **Power supply** - Most common form of electrical energy is **AC(alternating current)** - Power is supplied to buildings in **several different voltages** - Metering & load control **Wiring devices** **Switching** **Emergency power supply/ standby power**

Answer 174

**Water Supply System** - Consists of piping, fittings, valves, & other specialized components, - Piping can be made of _copper, steel, plastic or brass. Steel or galvanized steel pipe can be used where - water is not corrosive_ **Water treatment** - PH level - Hardness - Color & odor - Chemical & Biological contaminations **Treatment methods** - Pretreatments - Filtrations - _Demineralization_ - Disinfections

Answer 175

space frame

Answer 176

pre-stressed radial cable

Answer 177

The holistic approach to sustainably designed projects encourages the design team to examine the impact of **environmental, economic, mechanical, and aesthetic architectural decisions**.

Answer 178

transformer designed to reduce the voltage from primary to secondary is called a step-down transformer. The transformation ratio of a transformer will be equal to the square root of its primary to secondary inductance (L) ratio.

Answer 179

**Delta-Wye**: This is generally the preferred configuration of a **step-up transformer** that accepts current from a plant’s generator and converts it to a higher voltage. The secondary voltage is out of phase with the incoming voltage by 30°. The shift could be leading or lagging, depending on the arrangement of the interconnections. It tends to suppress the harmonics that can cause problems in other configurations. Where used in distribution applications, the secondary (wye) provides a means for local grounding. Commonly used in commercial and industrial applications. **Delta–Delta**: This is **common in industrial applications**. The secondary voltages are in phase with the primary voltages, which is a requirement if circuits are to be interconnected. **Wye-Wye**: This combination can **cause problems due to harmonics, especially if the primary and secondary neutrals are not grounded. This configuration is often avoided due to the frequent problems with harmonics**. The secondary voltages are in phase with the primary voltages. **Wye-Delta**: **This is often used in step-down applications**. The **wye connection on the high side reduces insulation cost. It is often used in a grounding bank configuration where the wye transformer is used with a delta transformer solely to provide a grounding path**. The secondary voltage is out of phase with the incoming voltage by 30°. The shift could be leading or lagging, depending on the arrangement of the interconnections.

Answer 180

Hospital 40% College classroom 30% Retail store 25% Mid-rise office 40%

Answer 181

- **Underfloor raceways** - **Cellular metal floors**

Answer 182

Eight types of this are - brick - stone - concrete block - glass block - clay tile - ceramic veneer - gypsum block - terra cotta

Answer 183

When lead is used in building construction, steps should be taken to mitigate this.

Answer 184

These two types of brick joint do not shed water well and thus are vulnerable to frost damage.

Answer 185

A wall system of this type uses expanded or extruded polystyrene.

Answer 186

Membranes made from **polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)** can minimize heat transfer into a building, and are common choices for use in this kind of system.

Answer 187

**Three common types are** - double hung - horizontal slider - casement **Less common types include** - single hung - awning - jalousie, or louvred

Answer 188

For a building to receive LEED® credit, this must be true of at least **50% of the wood products used in its construction**.

Answer 189

- This is a condition in which ailments affecting a number of people are associated with the building they occupy, **most typically an office building or school facility**. - This condition may be present when occupants experience symptoms that are not related to a particular illness and **that stop soon after they leave the building**.

Answer 190

an illness, typically a minor one.

Answer 191

- The first is a natural plaster made from **sand, portland cement, lime, and water**. - Although it can give a very similar appearance, the second is a **synthetic finish coat, typically acrylic based**.

Answer 192

The general pattern of movement of the water on, under, and above the earth.

Answer 193

**The elevation of the ground surface** after completion of all work.

Answer 194

A common housing pattern in which houses and apartments line both sides of the street.

Answer 195

Extreme contrast between light and dark in the visual field, which can cause discomfort.

Answer 196

The surface flow of water from an area.

Answer 197

A land use pattern that is developed in a circle or doughnut shape.

Answer 198

The process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants.

Answer 199

The rate of rise or descent of a sloping surface. Also, to remove or add earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile.

Answer 200

Earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removed.

Answer 201

A line, usually parallel to a property line, beyond which a structure may not extend.

Answer 202

An underground geological formation through which water flows.

Answer 203

A continuous major street, typically two or three lanes in each direction that connects with expressways at strategic locations.

Answer 204

A road that doubles back on itself with a hairpin curve.

Answer 205

The type, arrangement, and quality of dwelling units in a given area.

Answer 206

A typical pattern of urban development formed by a grid street system with two or more corridors of intense development intersecting at a central core.

Answer 207

The division of vacant land into smaller parcels to be used as sites for individual buildings, together with public rights-of-way affecting these sites.

Answer 208

Zoning a parcel of land different from the surrounding area.

Answer 209

A public body that provides and manages housing, particularly for low-income families.

Answer 210

Referring to a disability that makes a person unable to walk and therefore confined to a wheelchair.

Answer 211

A deed restriction which regulates land use, construction materials, appearance, or aesthetic qualities of an area.

Answer 212

Department of Housing and Urban Development, the federal agency concerned with all phases of housing activities.

Answer 213

A use not strictly allowed in zoning ordinance but permitted **if specified conditions are met** and if approval is granted by the local governing body.

Answer 214

Having no environmental barriers, thereby permitting free access and circulation by the handicapped.

Answer 215

The net ground area of a lot, which can be covered by a building after required setbacks and other zoning limitations have been accounted for.

Answer 216

The smallest identifiable parcel of land in a city.

Answer 217

A law by which a government regulates and controls the character and use of property.

Answer 218

Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), an agency that functions in the secondary mortgage market.

Answer 219

The acquisition of territory by a municipality.

Answer 220

An area established by a governing body for a specific use, such as residential, commercial, or industrial.

Answer 221

The abbreviation for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, the source of most of the standardized information on the subject.

Answer 222

- A complete fire-resistive assembly consisting of a fire door, fire damper, or fire window, and its mounting frame and hardware. - **The entire assembly, not just its components, must be approved and labeled by a testing agency**, which inspects the materials and workmanship during fabrication at the factory. **Available ratings are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 3 hours**.

Answer 223

A fire-resistive door assembly consisting of a frame, door, and hardware, which provides a specific fire-resistive rating when closed.

Answer 224

The purpose for which a building is intended to be used.

Answer 225

**A required exit, which consists of a vestibule and continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point** by walls of two-hour fire-resistive construction and exits into a public way or an exit passageway leading to a public way.

Answer 226

The unit stress for a material, below which Hooke’s Law applies.

Answer 227

The steepest angle with the horizontal at which a pile of loose earth will stand without sliding.

Answer 228

Bending moment which produces tension in the upper part of a beam and compression in the lower part.

Answer 229

An abbreviation for pounds per square foot.

Answer 230

A load that acts at one point on a structure.

Answer 231

A thin-shell, saddle-shaped surface formed by moving a vertical parabola with downward curvature along and perpendicular to another parabola with upward curvature.

Answer 232

A truss with no diagonals.

Answer 233

A steel framing system in which beams sit on top of a girder, and short lengths of “stub girders” the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the top of the girder to provide for composite action.

Answer 234

A longitudinal load that acts at a distance from a member’s centroid, thereby producing bending moments in addition to axial stress.

Answer 235

The change in size of a body caused by external forces. It is also called strain.

Answer 236

The product of an area and the distance from the centroid of the area to a given axis.

Answer 237

The maximum unit stress that can be developed in a material.

Answer 238

The change in size of a body caused by external forces. It is also called deformation.

Answer 239

The interior members of a truss, which connect the chords.

Answer 240

A method used to provide the bolt tension specified for high-strength bolts, in which the bolts are first brought to a “snug tight” condition and then tightened additionally by a specified amount of nut rotation.

Answer 241

The point in a beam or other flexural member where the bending moment changes sign and has a value of zero.

Answer 242

The resistance to the movement of a retaining wall provided by the earth in front of the wall and its footing.

Answer 243

A basic equation that applies to all columns and gives the maximum stress a slender column can resist without failing by sudden buckling.

Answer 244

The line on a beam cross-section, which has zero bending stress when the beam is loaded.

Answer 245

The theory used for most reinforced concrete designs until the mid-1960s.

Answer 246

**statics** - branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in state of equilibrium

Answer 247

- equilibrium --exists when the resultant of any number f forces acting on a body is zero (ex. 70 lbm object on the ground is acted on by gravity to the magnitude of 701bf, the ground in turn, exerts an upward force of 701bf and the object is in equilibrium) - three fundamentals of equilibrium -- The sum Of all vertical forces acting on a body must equal to zero (as in the preceding simple example), -- The sum of all horizontal forces acting on a body must equal zero -- The sum of all the moments acting on a body must equal zero.

Answer 248

- any action applied to an object, in architecture external forces are called loads and result from weights of such things as people, wind, snow or building materials; the internal structure Of a building material must resist external loads with internal forces of their own that are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, these external loads are called stresses

Answer 249

is a line concurrent with the force vector, a force acting anywhere along the line of action can be considered equal or unchanged as long as the direction and magnitude do not change. this is called **transmissibility**

Answer 250

collinear forces concurrent forces nonconcurrent forces coplanar forces structural forces

Answer 251

it is often necessary to add two or more collinear forces, the magnitudes are added directly in the same direction of the force first establish convention for positive and negative direction, (and keep it consistent!) general assumed convention is to keep vectors going to the "right" or "up" as positive (+) keep vectors going to the "left" or "down" as negative (-) additionally, when it comes to moment forces, keep "clockwise" vectors as positive (+) keep "counter-clockwise" vectors negative (-)

Answer 252

those whose lines of action meet at common point

Answer 253

those that have lines of action that do not pass through common point; special case of this type that is commonly found in architectural applications is parallel force system, such as type acting on a beam

Answer 254

now, that we know how to add collinear forces it is important to realize that sometimes it is necessary to add two concurrent forces (but how?) first determine that lines are in fact colinear by establishing their lines of action it is often necessary to break down a single force into its (horizontal and vertical) components for purposes for purposes of structural analysis, the magnitudes of the forces added directly in the same direction of force,

Answer 255

a special condition of a force; it is a tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point and as such it is the product of the force times perpendicular distance to the point about which it is acting (ex. each force produces moment about point A equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance form the point A, total moment is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments caused by all the forces) units ft-lb, in-lb or kip-ft MA = 16' X 100# = 1600'#

Answer 256

The maximum units of stress permissible in a structural member. It is also called working stress.

Answer 257

In reinforced concrete design, the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.

Answer 258

A graphical method for determining the forces in the members of a truss. It is also called a Maxwell diagram.

Answer 259

A type of cement (ASTM Type III) that provides earlier strength in concrete than ordinary cements. It is used when forms must be removed quickly or when the structure must be put into service quickly.

Answer 260

The type most commonly used and referred to as “normal” concrete is Type I. Type II concrete has a moderate resistance to sulfates and is used when the groundwater or the concrete aggregate contains sulfates. Type III concrete has high early strength, which is used for precast concrete, anywhere we want to strip the formwork soon after we pour, and for cold weather construction. Type IV concrete is low heat of hydration, used for massive structures (like dams) where there is an abundance of heat as the concrete cures. Type V has high resistance to sulfates. All types with “A” have been air entrained.

Answer 261

Reinforced concrete design in which there is simultaneous crushing of concrete and yielding of the reinforcing steel. To assure that yielding of the steel occurs before crushing of the concrete, the amount of reinforcing is limited to 75% of that which would produce a balanced design.

Answer 262

The ratio of the ultimate strength of a material to its working stress.

Answer 263

One force that will produce the same effect as two or more other forces.

Answer 264

The chemical reaction that combines cement and water to form a hard, solid mass.

Answer 265

A housing pattern in which units face into a common open space.

Answer 266

circumferential or loop roadway around an urban area or development.

Answer 267

excavated, level terrace in a slope used to collect running water.

Answer 268

description of property boundaries expressed by directions (bearings) and distances, starting from a known reference point.

Answer 269

The legal means whereby land use is regulated and controlled for the welfare of the community.

Answer 270

The percentage of total rainfall that is not absorbed in the ground and, hence, runs off. It must be collected in a system of surface and subsurface drains.

Answer 271

belvedere or viewing place

Answer 272

Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), an agency whose function is to stabilize the housing market by purchasing mortgages or providing mortgage money directly.

Answer 273

concept of proportion in which a whole is divided so that the ratio of the smaller to the larger part is the same as the ratio of the larger part to the whole. Mathematically, C, B = B, A.

Answer 274

device used at an intersection of streets in which all vehicles merge and then diverge at relatively low speeds.

Answer 275

chemical reaction that combines cement and water to form a hard, solid mass.

Answer 276

The abbreviation for National Electrical Code.

Answer 277

A minimum slope of 1% is required on a concrete surface for this reason.

Answer 278

- correct building shape - use of a roof diaphragm - use of shear walls

Answer 279

This is a wall that consists of two wythes of masonry separated by an airspace.

Answer 280

This kind of assembly requires - a labeled door and frame - a door closer - a door latch - ball-bearing hinges All hardware must be UL listed

Answer 281

Hinges on doors of this type must be made of steel.

Answer 282

Handrails should extend 12 in beyond these access elements.

Answer 283

A through-wall flashing and weep holes are required at the bottom of this kind of wall.

Answer 284

- increase fire resistance - enhance acoustic performance

Answer 285

- **Platform framing**: A light-frame construction method that creates a ground floor platform and assembles walls flat, which are then tilted vertically. Each floor is framed as a separate unit by nailing horizontal frame members to the top of wall studs. - **Balloon framing**: A method that uses a single stud to span from the foundation sill to the roof plates. The wall studs are continuous across two or more stories.

Answer 286

For most occupancies, the International Building Code sets the minimum for the first of these stair elements as **11 in, and the maximum for the second as 7 in**.

Answer 287

One foot of this is equivalent to 0.434 psi.

Answer 288

Each of these must have a ground wire.

Answer 289

Two ways of measuring this are the pill test and the flooring radiant panel test.

Answer 290

Two drawbacks to this common structural building material are its vulnerability to the heat of a fire and its tendency to corrode.

Answer 291

This type of hardware is required on exit doors for assembly occupancies such as restaurants and theaters.

Answer 292

In wind design, a pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of the structure under consideration.

Answer 293

An effective length factor used in the design of structural steel columns.

Answer 294

An analytical method for determining the force in the members of a truss, in which the truss is cut by an imaginary section and a free-body diagram drawn of the portion of the truss thus isolated.

Answer 295

An analytical method for determining the force in the members of a truss, in which each joint is isolated and the unknown force is determined using the equations of equilibrium.

Answer 296

The physical law that states that up to a certain unit stress, called the elastic limit, unit stress is directly proportional to unit strain.

Answer 297

Describing a material that returns to its original size and shape when load is removed. Also describes structural behavior in which members are stressed below the yield point.

Answer 298

The property of a structure that has multiple paths of load resistance so that if one element fails, the load will be redistributed to other elements. Lateral force resisting systems should be as redundant as possible.

Answer 299

A jointed structure designed to support vertical or horizontal loads and composed generally of straight members forming a number of triangles.

Answer 300

Another term for bending.

Answer 301

Stress that tends to make two members, or two parts of a member, slide past each other

Answer 302

The designation of the quality of a manufactured piece of wood.

Answer 303

A retaining wall in which the stem, heel, and toe act as cantilever slabs.

Answer 304

roof structure whose shape is that of an arch rotated about its vertical axis to form a curved surface.

Answer 305

The effect produced on a structure by earthquake ground motion.

Answer 306

The horizontal movement of one level of a building, relative to the level immediately above or below, caused by wind or earthquake.

Answer 307

The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back-and-forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. Also called the fundamental period of vibration or period.

Answer 308

In seismic design, a structural system without a complete load-carrying frame. Gravity loads are resisted by bearing walls or bracing systems, and lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or braced frames. Bearing wall systems are designed for relatively high seismic forces.

Answer 309

method of framing wood stud walls in which the studs are one story in height and the floor joists bear on the top plates of the wall below.

Answer 310

The method generally used for reinforced concrete design, formerly called ultimate strength design.

Answer 311

- form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that range from about 400nm (10-9 m for violet to about 700 nm for red light), - a range known as the visible spectrum, other electromagnetic radiation range components (that we cannot see) are: X-rays, radio waves, gamma rays, infrared light and ultraviolet light

Answer 312

- **candlepower** is the unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle (in Sl system of units, this unit is called candela) - **illuminance** is the density of luminous flux incident on surface, expressed in lumens per unit area, one lumen of uniformly incident on Ift2 of area produces an illuminance of 1 foot-candle (fc) - **lumen (abbreviated 1m)** is a unit of luminous flux equal to flux in a unit solid angle of 1 steradian from a uniform point source of candlepower (on a unique unit sphere, Ift radius, and area of Ift2 will subtend an angle of 1 steradian, because the areas of unit of sphere is 411, a source of 1 candlepower produces 12.57 1m.

Answer 313

- nature of the task itself, - the age of the person performing the task, - the reflectance of the surfaces in the room, - the demand for speed in performing the task - the demand for accuracy in performing the task

Answer 314

- if material is transparent, such as window glass, most of the light is **transmitted, transmittance (shown in %) is ratio of the total transmitted light to the total incident light** - **if material is translucent it allows transmittance of light but not image** - in clear materials, **light is refracted, or bent slightly, as it passes through material** - opaque material allows no light to pass through, and all incident light is either reflected or absorbed - white material reflects most of the incident light ratio of reflected light to incident light is the reflectance (shown in %)

Answer 315

- glare : is when light (direct or reflected) interferes with visual task - contrast : difference in illumination level between a given point and nearby points - uniformity : how uniform lighting is; it affects person's perception of space as being comfortable and pleasant, it also influences perception of depth - color : an interaction between the color of the light source (lamp or daylighting) and the colors of the objects that reflect the light, each color is differntiated by its wavelength

Answer 316

- initial cost - operating cost - **efficacy** : is the ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input to the source and is measured in lumens per watt - size - operating life - ability to control output from - luminaire - color rendition characteristics

Answer 317

- each color is differentiated by its wavelength - out of visible light spectrum red has the longest wavelength while violet has the shortest - brain perceives variations in wavelengths to five the sensation of color - when colors created with light are mixed, then the wavelengths of both colors are present in the resulting light - when all colors of light are present in equal amounts, we perceive white light - keep in mind certain LEDs produce white light by coating blue diode with yellowish phosphorous coating - the color of a physical object is conveyed by the wavelengths of light that the object does not absorb, or subtract from the light that strikes it ex. when white light strikes a blue object, it absorbs all other wavelengths except for blue, which it reflects to the eye; - when all colors wavelengths are being absorbed by the object it renders as black

Answer 318

- temperature expressed in Kelvins to which a black body radiator would have to be heated to produce light of the same dominant color: - 3100K - lower temperature, warmer colors (more red)(ex. warm white fluorescent) - 500K to 6000K - higher temperature, cooler colors (more blue)(daylight fluorescent light has temperature of appx. 6500K, temperature of the sun is estimated at about 5000K to 6500K

Answer 319

- way to rate light sources - measure of how closely the perceived colors of an object illuminated with a test light source match the colors of the object when it is illuminated with daylight of the same color temperature - the maximum CRI rating is 100 and light source with rating of 85 or more is excellent - use of CRI system is problematic for LEDs because of how white light is produced by them - of CRI system is problematic for LEDs because of how white light is produced by them, for example by blue colored LED being coated by yellowish phosphorous powder, which means they do not contain the full spectrum of wavelengths, and therefore will score low on the CRI scale - term most often employed with artificial lighting, where the best possible rating is 100, in which there is no colors missing

Answer 320

- light is recieved through the eye and processed by the brain, in the process of seeing, light enters the eye through the pupil, the amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the iris, the lens focuses the image (upside down) on retina, where the light stimulates cells that sent messages to the brain for interpretation - retina contains two types of cells: cones & rods - cones are cone-cone shaped cells located near the fovea, or central portion of retina, they are extremely sensitive to detail & color, however only located within 20 cone of vision around the line of sight, reminder of retina is populated by rod-shaped cells, these are extremely sensitive to light and motion, however they are not good at recognizing detail & color, this is why in dim light people lose their sense of color vision, rods are responsible for night vision and objects percieved thanks to them appear in shades of gray

Answer 321

luminous intensity is a solid angular flux density in a given direction measured in **candlepower or candelas**

Answer 322

- way to rate light sources - measure of how closely the perceived colors of an object illuminated with a test light source match the colors of the object when it is illuminated with daylight of the same color temperature - the maximum CRI rating is 100 and light source with rating of 85 or more is excellent - use of CRI system is problematic for LEDs because of how white light is produced by them

Answer 323

- Preventing fire: type of construction & building material - Early fire detection & alarm - Planning for quick exit of occupants: through code compliant means of egress - Containing fire: through building material, compartmentation & smoke control --When immediate evacuation is not practical it can be used to create areas of refuge, Code requires fire separation between different occupancies, between use areas & exits, & between parts of building where max allowable area is exceeded. -- Compartmentation also affects building location on property & fire rating of exterior wall. - Suppressing fire: through sprinkler , standpipes , etc. -- Sprinkler systems: wet pipe(most common), dry pipe (used in areas subject to freezing), Pre-action(short delay before sprinkler head opens, allows firefighters to respond. Used when water damage is concern, deluge(no zoning- used in high hazard areas where fire is likely to spread rapidly)

Answer 324

- Provide sufficient lighting for the tasks & activities taking place while avoiding glare. Lighting design should enhance architectural design. Lighting shall be designed to minimize energy use & be cost efficient. - Lighting can be categorized based on -- direction Of light like general use, or directional or -- mounting location& type; like ceiling recessed, or pendant -- Higher color temperatures, such as 5000 K to 6000K are cool color light, daylight fluerscent lamp has color temperature of about 6500K -- CRI(Color rendering Index) : max is 1, the higher the ratio is means color are closer to the color in daylight. Higher than .85 is considered excellent -- Emergency lighting: standby power for egress illumination , exit signs, smoke control systems, means of egress sliding doors & elevators. -- Means of egress illumination level to be min Ifc at floor level

Answer 325

**Incandescent lamps** - available in a broad range of sizes and voltages, they produce heat when electricity passes through tungsten filament in the bulb. **Gas discharge lamps** - Low pressure discharge lamp: -- Fluorescent tube: are gas discharge light, higher efficiency compare to incandescent lights. Can't be used with dimmers. Certain types of Compact fluorescent lamps can be used in below freezing outdoor lightings. -- Low pressure sodium lamps: turns on slowly, vey low CRI - High pressure discharge lamp: -- Metal halide Lamps : very efficient lights, they consist of a discharge tube inside the bulb that contains mercury, - High intensity discharge (HID)Iamps: where high levels of lights are required like for roads & outdoor activity areas: -- Halogen lamps : have tungsten filament & are filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen . Last longer because of halogen. **Light Emitting Diode(LED)** - energy efficient, high CRI, doesn't have filament & has long life span

Answer 326

**Intrusion Detection systems can be classified into 3 types:** - Perim eter protection: securing entry points - Area or room protection: like infrared or audio devices triggered by movement or sound - Object protection : like proximity detectors

Answer 327

- Room noise & acoustics -- Reducing level of sound from a specific source -- Modify sound absorption in the space -- Introducing nonintrusive background sound to mask the unwanted sound - Sound Transmission control - **Sound Transition Class (STC)**: The higher STC means less sound would pass through the assembly - **Noise Reduction coefficient (NRC)**: (Between 0-1) NRC Of 1.0 indicates higher absorption - **Impact Insulation Class (IIC)**: A numeric rating of a building floor's effect on sound performance: -- Can be improved by using carpet, providing resilient suspended ceiling below, floating finished floor on resilient pads, providing sound absorbing material in the air space under the slab - Mechanical noise: -- Similar to impact noise control & can be controlled by using isolators for mounting mechanical equipment, using flexible connectors, lining ducts with mufflers

Answer 328

bridge for carrying a road across a valley.

Answer 329

The time interval between the arrival of successive buses or trains.

Answer 330

housing pattern consisting of rows of units located perpendicular to the street.

Answer 331

open, unoccupied space other than a court, which is unobstructed to the sky and on the lot on which a building is situated.

Answer 332

The right of the state to take private property for public use with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.

Answer 333

plan of a city or subdivision showing the boundaries of individual properties.

Answer 334

sun break, an architectural shading device for blocking unwanted sun rays.

Answer 335

Space provided for vehicular parking separate from the dedicated street right-of-way.

Answer 336

A relatively permanent surveyor’s mark of known location and elevation.

Answer 337

A very large area of land in which all through traffic is eliminated, but which may be penetrated by cul-de-sac or minor loop roads.

Answer 338

Any public way or thoroughfare 10 to 16 feet in width which has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use.

Answer 339

A minor street that starts at a major street, extends in curvilinear fashion for a short distance, and then returns to the major street.

Answer 340

Designing the external physical environment in which buildings and structures are placed.

Answer 341

A long, narrow commercial development usually located along a highway or major street.

Answer 342

Removing or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile. Also called earthwork.

Answer 343

The ratio of the lateral unit strain to the longitudinal unit strain when a member is subject to a uniform longitudinal stress. For steel, the value of Poisson’s ratio is about j.

Answer 344

Uplift of the soil surface or foundations caused by freezing of moisture in the soil.

Answer 345

A groove in a concrete structure made to predetermine the location of cracks.

Answer 346

A continuous spread footing supporting a uniformly loaded wall.

Answer 347

A material that is able to unite nonadhesive substances into a solid mass. The cement most commonly used in concrete construction is Portland cement.

Answer 348

Concrete that is permanently loaded so as to cause stresses opposite in direction from those caused by dead and live loads.

Answer 349

A type of diagonal bracing in which each end of each brace frames into a beam or column, not a beam-column joint. K-bracing is considered undesirable for seismic resistance and is generally prohibited.

Answer 350

A term used in column design equal to the square root of I/A, where I is the moment of inertia of a member, and A is its cross-sectional area.

Answer 351

A device used to measure wind speed.

Answer 352

A vertical truss used to resist lateral forces.

Answer 353

In seismic design, a structure that has significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in its lateral force resisting system. Since irregular structures have less favorable and predictable seismic response characteristics than regular structures, specific design requirements are prescribed for each type of irregularity.

Answer 354

A symbol for section modulus; also a standard designation for a structural steel I-beam (American Standard beam); also a factor used in earthquake design, which takes into account the effect of subsoil conditions.

Answer 355

Low-density concrete, usually made with lightweight aggregate.

Answer 356

The physical property which causes the superstructure of a building to remain in its original position while the base is moved by an earthquake’s ground motion.

Answer 357

A method of isolating a structure from the ground by specially designed bearings and dampers, which absorb earthquake forces. Also called seismic isolation.

Answer 358

Forces acting at the supports of a structure, which hold the structure in equilibrium.

Answer 359

- first the U-value is converted to an R-value by taking **1 and dividing by the U-value**, or - **1 divided by 0.2. This gives an R-value of 5 per in**, so 6 in of insulation would be enough to meet an R-30 insulative value.

Answer 360

is not typically used in commercial applications.

Answer 361

3-5/8 inch type X gypsum board

Answer 362

- As shown in Resource 1.1 Retail Me Somethin’ Drawings, the location is at the high side of the roof slope and not at the center span. With the large storefront window in the exterior wall, the shear brace is probably transferred inside the interior wall. - The location excludes a roof drain and a column. The building is clear spanning north-south, so no mid-columns are required. The wall separating is not required to be fire rated, so fire blocking is not required.

Answer 363

the principal purpose of soil exploration is to determine the character of the soil’s composition.

Answer 364

- A ground fault interrupter is used to eliminate any potential shock hazards. - They must be used on any outlet within 6 ft of a water source, such as bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms. They are also required in any open or unsealed spaces that are susceptible to a water presence, such as porches and garages

Answer 365

the arrangement of windows and doors on the elevations of a building.

Answer 366

The most influential factor on building configuration is program. A program will provide the designer with a complete list of required spaces and associated square-footage needs and adjacencies, The program will include basic facts and objectives of the project, as well as detailed needs of individual spaces. The programmatic needs must also be considered in respect to climactic influences, building code requirements, expansion plans, and budgets. The programmatic requirements in combination with the information gathered from the site analysis form the initial conceptualization of the basic building configuration, Goals of the project are stated through programmatic concepts. These statements address solutions to performance requirements. Programmatic concepts do not attempt to solve design problems; instead, they focus on functional solutions that will later influence design decisions.

Answer 367

A legal claim on property as security for money owed.

PPD_PPI_1 Flashcards

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