PjM_PPI Flashcards

Question

If the owner fails to make progress payments to the contractor, what remedies may the contractor seek?

Answer 1

The contractor may request in writing that the owner show reasonable **evidence that financial arrangements** have been made to fulfill this obligation if this event happens.

Answer 2

**A bonus provision must be added to make this provision enforceable in the courts**

Answer 3

This type of contract includes a sustainable objective set by the owner.

Answer 4

The owner must provide to this person the **project program, schedule, and budget, and furnish a property survey, a geotechnical report, tests and inspections**, and **required insurance, legal, and accounting services**.

Answer 5

These documents are reviewed by the architect at the **end of the project, before final payment** is made by the owner.

Answer 6

The contractor must pay for the permits **after this document is signed.**

Answer 7

**The owner must coordinate the work** of his or her forces **with the contractor’s work**, and must **act with the same rights and responsibilities as any other contractor** in this situation.

Answer 8

This is executed by the architect when **unforeseen site conditions** arise or the owner **changes the scope of the work**. Other reasons include time extensions due to weather or omissions of the architect.

Answer 9

The phases listed in this agreement are schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding, construction administration.

Answer 10

The gradual inclusion of **work into the project that exceeds the contracted work** agreement and the original project requirements.

Answer 11

**A list typically generated by the architect during a field survey at the end of the project, including items or work that does not conform to the contract documents or quality expectation as specified in the contract documents**. Per the AIA Document B101, **Owner-Architect Agreement, this is a basic service of the architect**. Work must be completed or corrected by the contractor by the date issued in the architect’s certificate of substantial completion, or final payment is withheld.

Answer 12

Document of permission by the government authority having jurisdiction to conduct construction, as approved in the construction documents.

Answer 13

Portions of work are set aside to commence after other portions of work have been completed. Among other reasons, this allows for building use during construction or for the owner to secure funding in portions.

Answer 14

The third phase of design work after programming and schematic design. Design development shows the integration of preliminary building systems designs and fully develops the design of floor plans and elevations. Owner final approval of design is often achieved at the end of design development.

Answer 15

- A preliminary level of design; the second phase of design work, after programming, that gives form, shape, and itinerary to the project program. - Schematic level design should suggest **overall building dimensions, footprint and profile, locations of building core items, egress, and preliminary floor plans**. - Preliminary coordination **regarding code compliance strategies** should take place between the architect and consultants during the schematic design phase of a design-bid-build or design-build project. - Communicating during this phase gives the engineer enough information about the **proposed layout of the building, the construction type, anticipated occupant loads, exit paths, and fire ratings** so that the engineer can evaluate options, suggest an appropriate system, and begin to incorporate the elements of that system into the initial design

Answer 16

Drawings **issued by a vendor** to the contractor **demonstrating the details and connections** of components they will be **fabricating for a project**. The architect should review these drawings for conflicts and design consistency, but **ultimately, the contractor signs as approved or rejected**.

Answer 17

The set of drawings produced, signed, and sealed by the architect and consultant team that serve as the graphical component to the project’s contract documents. Also, the design phase following design development, where specifications and details are added to the work to produce a design capable of construction.

Answer 18

- **direct liability / Vicarious liability** : an architect's liability for their own acts is known as direct liability for their employee's' acts is known as vicarious liability. - **contingent liability** : refers to the architect's liability for the acts of independent consultants who are retained to perform professional services such as consulting engineers.

Answer 19

A formal request by the contractor to the architect for more information or clarification to the contract drawings. The response from the architect may add more work or cost to the project or may require a design change, all of which may warrant a proposal request and construction change directive from the architect, and eventually, a change order from the contractor.

Answer 20

A formal request **by a material or labor provider** for the contractor or professional consultant **to review the proposed material or equipment** for the project, according to the corresponding written specification. **The architect must indicate his acceptance of the submittal as conforming to the contract documents** for use in the project. All submittals must be responded to as approved, rejected, or revised and resubmitted. **The contractor is responsible for this, but seeks confirmation from the design team prior to doing so**.

Answer 21

A bond **carried by the contractor** and the contractor’s **surety promising that payment will be provided to the subcontractors and suppliers for labor and materials** used in the project. A means **to prevent a mechanic’s lien** from being placed on the project property.

Answer 22

Payment made to the contractor **once the architect has issued** the final certificate for payment of the **entire unpaid balance** of the project, **including adjustments for change orders**.

Answer 23

**The completion** of work **based on** the requirements and procedures specified **in the contract and in the general conditions** of the contract. Unlike substantial completion, there is **not typically a given date** for final completion.

Answer 24

The required date by which the building or project must be able to be used for **its intended purpose**.

Answer 25

The **containment and removal of existing contaminants in the built environment, often during demolition for renovation**. The owner must coordinate these services outside of the construction contract.

Answer 26

- **self-checking (check-list)** by team members (producer) - **in-house third party review** : by experienced collogues which occurs every after major project phase - **peer reviews** : by independent outside consultant sometimes required by states for building permit - **BIM**

Answer 27

- post-occupancy evaluations (basic) - building commissioning (basic) - energy analysis and monitoring - space scheduling

Answer 28

Term used to describe the professional responsible for the oversight and delivery of their discipline of professional work or services, typically having administrative and technical responsibilities to the project.

Answer 29

A portion of the contract documents that formally list the written requirements for equipment, performance, quality, standard of workmanship, building materials, and construction systems. Are included in the project manual.

Answer 30

**The concept of teamwork or team-building** to help ensure cooperative efforts and proactive solutions.

Answer 31

Significant dates involving the establishment of starting and finishing time frames for activities.

Answer 32

The amount of time required from receipt of purchase order by a seller to the time the product is delivered.

Answer 33

Free on board: factory, freight, prepaid to the job site.

Answer 34

An **independent entity engaged to verify the quality** of the project in relation to the owner’s project requirements

Answer 35

Documented **confirmation that building systems function** according to criteria set forth in the project documents

Answer 36

The phase in the life cycle of a facility when the completed facility is placed into service. **Includes operations and maintenance procedures**

Answer 37

The sequence of activities, from **project concept** and **construction**, to use and eventual **demolition**.

Answer 38

The process of evaluating a building or product based on the total costs attributed to that object during its lifetime. These costs include the **initial costs, operating costs, maintenance costs, demolition costs**, and **credit for any residual or salvage value**.

Answer 39

The amount of time required to recover the cost of a purchase through increased performance and efficiencies or reduced operating costs and expenses. Payback periods are commonly used to evaluate the potentially higher initial costs of high-efficiency energy systems. The shorter the payback period, the more economical the purchase would be.

Answer 40

An amount included in a construction budget—normally **5%–10%**—to provide for unforeseen or unpredictable costs.

Answer 41

The systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs.

Answer 42

A system of planning and scheduling construction operations that analyzes sequences and durations of time using network diagrams.

Answer 43

A construction procedure in which construction on each phase of a project begins as its design is completed, without waiting for the completed project design.

Answer 44

The set of drawings produced, signed, and sealed by the architect and consultant team that serve as the graphical component to the project’s contract documents. Also, the design phase following design development, where specifications and details are added to the work to produce a design capable of construction.

Answer 45

A specific amount is initially specified in the contract as the total fee for the project work, including materials, labor, and profit. Cost savings go directly to the contractor.

Answer 46

Documentation of an **architect’s survey of work progress and quality and affirming work is being conducted in accordance with the contract documents**. Often supports the architect’s understanding of acceptable work progress for approval of the contractor’s application for payment.

Answer 47

An assurance of quality for a duration or period of time after project completion or substantial completion, and legally enforceable.

Answer 48

Organizations that have a vested interest in the existence of a common language, understanding, beliefs, and standards of care within their respective industries.

Answer 49

A 1918 court decision stating that a **contractor** is entitled **to rely on the construction documents** provided by the owner to be sufficient for their intended purpose and is **not responsible for the consequences of defects in the contract documents.**

Answer 50

These categories are preservation rehabilitation restoration reconstruction

Answer 51

Three key documents from this phase are **- the punch list, - the certificate of substantial completion, and - the final application and certificate for payment.**

Answer 52

Standards details, general notes, and checklists are three examples of this.

Answer 53

This is a small group of employees who meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve problems for the quality control (QC) program.

Answer 54

**The type of services** offered by the firm is critical to this program. An architectural engineering firm will have different needs than an architecture or interiors firm.

Answer 55

These firm members must **publicly support and encourage a quality control program.**

Answer 56

-Telephone conversations, - a project website, and emails - paper documents

Answer 57

This aspect of quality control should not use **social media**.

Answer 58

These are kept by the firm to reduce risk.

Answer 59

These types are - **construction documents** - **contracts, change orders, and shop drawing logs** based on standard forms

Answer 60

This review takes place at every phase during the planning, design, and construction of a project.

Answer 61

This practice includes using - **accepted details of trade associations - specification standards**.

Answer 62

This is an organized set of **procedures, systems, and tools** to meet the expectations of the client.

Answer 63

- Checklists - adherence to the approved program

Answer 64

A reduction of taxes granted by a **government to encourage economic development.**

Answer 65

An evaluation of the conditions at the site, either before, during, or after work is performed, to assess work progress, analyze existing conditions, or review the work for a punch list. An observation report is typically generated after the survey to document observations.

Answer 66

Changes to the documents **after bidding and before a construction contract is awarded**; changes to the documents are referred to as **post-bid bulletins**.

Answer 67

The process of managing **large private and public** projects—most specifically, the criteria of the project’s needs regarding **spaces, accommodations, and adjacencies.**

Answer 68

The utilization of computer programs that coordinate project BIM to detect conflicts in the design between buildings systems, for resolution prior to issuing construction drawings. Often performed later in design development or construction drawings design phase.

Answer 69

The process of reviewing the design components and evaluating options for cost savings or value substitutions.

Answer 70

The project has a budget of actual cost of materials and labor plus a set fee, **often a percentage of the overall cost.**

Answer 71

A contractor consultant who offers technical guidance and cost-estimating advice and direction for the project early in the design.

Answer 72

A timeline for construction, which includes estimated start dates and end dates for construction processes, as well as lead times and deadlines for major milestones. Often represented in a Gantt chart.

Answer 73

**A charette of project delivery** where all teams and professionals involved **in the effective delivery of a project** coordinate the timeline for project deliverables based on the anticipated project completion date.

Answer 74

A **formal document specifying the policies** and procedures for managing the building information modeling for the project, **including level of detail or level of design for the model**, and processing each subconsultant in coordinating models together. May be **generated by an owner on a large project or by the design team**.

Answer 75

- Architect’s supplemental instructions (ASI): a **formal issuance of additional information to clarify the construction drawings**, made independent of a request from the contractor. - **this is when there is no change for time and cost**

Answer 76

A real estate development project that is fully complete, ready for intended use, or **already in operation upon delivery to a future owner**. A method for allowing designer, developer, or contractor to have **total control over the design, as well as construction methods and materials**, **without obligation to an owner or users’ preferences**. Often allows for greater profits to the design, development, or construction team.

Answer 77

A project delivery approach to optimize project results and improve efficiency that integrates people, systems, business structures, and practices into a collaborative process that maximizes the talents, insights, and strengths of all participants.

Answer 78

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Answer 79

A consultant representing the owner in developing and coordinating the criteria for a project regarding **spaces, accommodations, and adjacencies** throughout a project. Best to be included on the project team **at the beginning of the project.**

Answer 80

Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee.

Answer 81

Associated General Contractors of America.

Answer 82

A standard that provides minimum requirements for the **energy-efficient design of buildings, except for low-rise residential buildings**.

Answer 83

Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association.

Answer 84

National Fire Protection Association

Answer 85

National Electrical Code.

Answer 86

International Plumbing Code.

Answer 87

International Mechanical Code

Answer 88

International Fire Code

Answer 89

International Energy Conservation Code.

Answer 90

International Existing Building Code.

Answer 91

International Code Council

Answer 92

American Society for Testing and Materials

Answer 93

Contemporaneous documentation is a **written record of verbal or informal communications which is kept in real time and is generally not issued to other project participants in a standard form** This type of documentation could include the project **manager’s daily journal, notes from telephone conversations or conversations on site, or email and text messages**. Along with providing a record of the project’s progress and the project manager’s day-to-day activities,

Answer 94

- **Strategic, tactical, and operational** plans can be used to **organize and schedule** a design project. - A **contingency plan allows the project team to address unforeseen issues** that may arise during the course of a project. - The firm principal or project architect takes the information **from a strategic plan** and uses it **to develop a tactical plan**, which is **a list and schedule of the activities** that must occur to accomplish the goals defined in the strategic plan. - **What architects generally call a project work plan is a type of tactical plan**. This **plan includes** **assigning responsibility for each task** (i.e., to in-house staff or consultants), **determining how much time and money is allocated for each task**, and charting when tasks must be completed to keep the project on schedule, **including deadlines or submission requirements**

Answer 95

- A tactical plan has a level of detail that falls in **between a strategic plan and an operational plan**. For example, a tactical plan lists **“structural design by consultant”** and may list review milestones or submission dates, but it **does not break this topic into very specific tasks**.

Answer 96

- An operational plan is used by a **designer or project manager** who is responsible for a smaller part of the project. In a design project, an operational plan may be **implemented through a responsibilities matrix or a task checklist**. For example, a structural engineer may develop an **operational plan that includes a list of the activities that the firm must complete to develop the design of the structural systems**. The structural engineer begins by analyzing and applying the requirements and schedule defined in the architect’s work plan. **The engineer then lists the required engineering tasks, which may include receiving and reviewing the geotechnical report, choosing and designing the foundation system, completing wind and seismic loading analysis, selecting a material and calculating reactions for the structural frame, coordinating with the architect and other building systems engineers as their portions of the design are developed**, and preparing the final documents and specifications.

Answer 97

- A contingency plan is a way to rescue a troubled project, proposed in advance of a project being in trouble. Issues may arise for a variety of reasons but are usually attributable to a lack of time, money, or resources. A project may also encounter unforeseen issues or conditions related to the site, a delay in the approvals process, a change in the owner’s direction or available resources, or a delay caused by a natural disaster. A contingency plan helps the architect respond to these issues quickly and thoughtfully. For example, a zoning approval board meeting is canceled because of a snowstorm, and the project does not receive land development plan approval until the next month. The design and construction schedules for the project may be adjusted to factor in this extra time. The architect may allow for these types of unforeseen conditions by including a design contingency in the project budget (e.g., usually 5−10%, determined by the architect), encouraging the owner to include a contingency in the construction budget (e.g., usually 5−10%, determined by the owner), and building extra time into the design and construction schedule.

Answer 98

- A strategic plan is a **high-level plan that outlines broadscope project objectives**. One example of a strategic plan is the **program for an architectural project**. The owner, with the assistance of a programmer or the architect, prepares the program. The architect becomes familiar with the requirements and determines both the design approach and the production plan to satisfy the program.

Answer 99

- This document contains sections on **organization, licensing, experience, references, financing, and signature**. The section on financing requires that the contractor - “attach a financial statement, preferably audited, including your organization’s latest balance sheet and income statement.” **Nowhere in these sections does it provide for a personal narrative, a list of potential subcontractors, or a list of materials on hand.**

Answer 100

- **passing through rights and responsibilities of the architect to the consultant**, - and **sharing risks and rewards**. - The agreement should also **establish responsibilities such as compensation, internal coordination, revisions on request of the architect, cost estimating, assistance with the bidding process, review of shop drawings, and site visits**.

Answer 101

* **This agreement** * **Conditions of the contract (general, supplementary, and others)** * **Drawings** * **Specifications** * **Addenda issued prior to this agreement** * **Other documents listed in this agreement** * **Modifications issued after this agreement**

Answer 102

- The contractor shall fully execute the work as described in the contract documents : Exception is if the documents specifically call out another entity to perform any work described

Answer 103

- Defines date of commencement of the work — If no date is selected or called out, the date of commencement is the date of the contract — Contract time is measured from the date of commencement - Substantial completion date is defined — Can also define portions of the work to be substantially complete before overall substantial completion

Answer 104

- Defines contract sum for the contractor to be paid -- Subject to additions and deductions based on the contract documents - Defines any alternates, unit prices, allowances, and liquidated damages - Defines **any bonuses** or other special incentives for the contractor

Answer 105

- Progress Payments — Contractor submits application for payments to the architect --- Progress payment based on schedule of values and percentage of work completed --- Owner can withhold retainage in each progress payment as defined in the contract - Final Payment — Contractor has fully performed the work of the contract --- Final certificate for payment has been issued to the architect - Interest can be applied to payments due but unpaid

Answer 106

- Initial decision maker is generally the architect unless otherwise defined in the agreement - Method of binding resolution if decision cannot be made by mediation is defined Arbitration Litigation Other

Answer 107

- Contract may be terminated by the owner or contractor as provided in A201 - Termination fees are defined if the owner terminates for convenience based on A201 - Contract may be suspended by the owner based on A201

Answer 108

- Defines owner's representative - Defines contractor's representative - Defines any insurance and bonds based on A 101 Exhibit A - Defines any other provisions not defined elsewhere in the agreement

Answer 109

- Agreement is compromised of the following documents --- AIA Document AIOI --- A 101 Exhibit A, Insurance and Bonds --- AIA Document A201, General Conditions --- AIA Document E203, BIM and Digital Data Exhibit — Drawings --- Specifications --- Addenda (if any) --- Any other exhibits or documents listed

Answer 110

— Integrated Project Delivery --- Owner/Architect agreement

Answer 111

---Project price based on a fixed sum ---Suitable for large or complex commercial projects ---Owner/Contractor agreement

Answer 112

Article I-Architect's Servcies and Responsibilities Article 2-0wner's Responsibilities Article 3-Copyright and Licenses Article 4-Compensation Article 5-Dispute Resolution Article 6-Termination or Suspension Article 7-Miscellaneous Provisions Article 8-Special Terms and Conditions Article 9-Scope of the Agreement

Answer 113

Article I-The Contract Documents Article 2-The Work of the Contract Article 3-Date of Commencement and Substantial Completion Article 4-Contract Sum Article 5-Payments Article 6-Dispute Resolution Article 7-Termination or Suspension Article 8-Miscellaneous Provisions Article 9-Enumeration of Contract Documents

Answer 114

- Architect's Services and Responsibilities - Provide professional services set forth in A295 - Standard of care - Architect Insurance — General liability — Automobile liability --- Worker's compensation --- Professional liability - Additional services

Answer 115

Owner's Responsibilities * Set forth in A295

Answer 116

- Transmitting party of instruments of service either owns copyright or has permission from - owner of instruments of service to transmit them Architects and Architect's consultants are deemed the owners of their instruments of service - Owner has a nonexclusive license to use Architect's Instruments of Service for the project

Answer 117

* Sets forth how the Architect will be compensated * Sets forth what additional services are required and how additional services will be compensated for * Outlines reimbursable expenses * Outlines how and when architect will be paid

Answer 118

- Refer to A295 for dispute resokltion protocol — Mediation — Arbitration - Owner and Arctütect wil commence any claims rising from the contract within legal limits or 10 years of substantial completion of the project - If damages are covered by property insurance, all rights are waived except to the proceeds provided by that insurance - Owner and architect waive consequential damages

Answer 119

- If the owner does not pay the architect. the architect can suspend work with seven days - If the owner suspends the project. the architect shall be paid for all services performed prior to the suspension - If the owner suspends the project for more than 90 cumulative days at no fault of the architect, the architect may terminate with seven days written notice - Either party can terminate with seven days notice if the other party is not fulfilling their side of the contract - Owners right to use instrument of service upon termination are laid out in A295

Answer 120

- Contract is governed by the law of the place the project is located - Terms the agreement have the same meaning as those set forth in A29S - All agents, successors assigns. and legal representatives are abound to this agreement - unless otherwise required in the agreement. the Architect will have no responsibility for the discovery. presence. removal, handling, or exposure of people on site of hazardous material - The architect has the right to take photos of the project and use them for their own promotion

Answer 121

Special Terms Conditions * Any special terms and conditions that modify the agreement go here

Answer 122

- The document represents the entire and integrated agreement between the owner and architect and supersedes any and all previous agreements - The agreement is compromised of documents more than just B195 and includes --- A295 — E201. if required — Any other documents also incorporated into the agreement

Answer 123

- Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Construction Manager as Constructor where the basis of payment is the Cost of the Work Plus a Fee with a Guaranteed Maximum price — Owner and construction manager agreement — Construction manager as constructor — Payment is cost plus with a GMP - Types of projects — **Large scale projects**

Answer 124

Article 1 -Initial Information Article 2-General Provisions Article 3-Consturction Manager's Responsibilities Article 4-0wner's Responsibilities Article 5-Compensation and Payments for Preconstruction Phase Services Article 6-Compensation for Construction Phase Services Article 7 -Cost of Work for Construction Phase Article 8-Discounts, Rebates, and Refunds Article 9-Subcontractors and Other Agreements Article 10-Accounting Records Article 11-Payments for Construction Phase Services Article 12-Dispute Resolution Article 13-Terminaton or Suspension Article 14-Miscellaneous Provisions Article 1 5-Scope of the Agreement

Answer 125

* Two phases of responsibility for Construction Manager — Preconstruction phase — Construction phase * Architect's Responsibilities — Lots of reviewing — Procurement schedule, GMP proposal, application for payment, etc. — Dispute resolution — Initial decision maker, unless otherwise noted

Answer 126

AIA Document A195 * Standard Form Of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Integrated Project Delivery — Owner and contractor agreement — Incorporates AIA Document A295 for contractors duties and responsibilities — Contractor provides Guaranteed Maximum price exhibit * Types of projects — Large scale projects — Integrated project Design delivery

Answer 127

Article 1 -The Work of this Contract Article 2-0wner*s Responsibilities Article 3-Copyrights and Licenses Article 4-Compenstation Article 5-Payments Article 6-Dispute Resolution Article 7-Termination or Suspension Article 8-MisceIIaneous Provisions Article 9-Special Terms and Conditions Article 10-Scope of Agreement

Answer 128

* Many references to **A295-General Conditions** for IPD projects * Services before and after **GMP** is established * **Architect's Responsibilities** — Review of applications for payment — Dispute resolution — Initial decision maker, unless otherwise noted

Answer 129

- General Conditions of the Contract for Integrated Project Delivery — General conditions of the contract — A195-Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and contractor for IPD --- B195-Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect for IPD --- Referenced and incorporated by other IPD agreements - Types of projects — Large scale projects — Integrated project delivery

Answer 130

Article 1 -General Provisions Article 2-0wner Article 3-Architect Article 4 -Contracor Article 5-Conceptualization Phase Article 6-Criteria Phase Article 7-Detailed Design Phase Article 8-lmplementation Documents Phase Article 9-Construction Phase Article 10-Closeout Phase Article Il-Insurance and Bonds Article 12-Miscellaneous Provisions Article 13-Claims and Disputes

Answer 131

* Architect's Responsibilities — Lays out general responsibilities of the Architect — Responsibilities for each phase are laid in each phase's article — Must still understand full responsibilities of all parties referenced * Phases — Criteria Design — Detailed Design Phase — Implementation Documents Phase — Construction Phase — Closeout Phase

Answer 132

AIA Document A701 - Instructions to Bidders - When to Use --- Competitive bids are being solicited for the project — Establishes project needs for the contractor to actually submit a bid

Answer 133

Article 1 -Definitions Article 2-Bidder's Representations Article 3-Bidding Documents Article 4-Bidding Procedures Article 5-Consideration of Bids Article 6-Post-Bid Information Article 7-Performance Bond and Payment Bond Article 8-Enumeration of the Proposed Contract Documents

Answer 134

- Lays out what is necessary for bidders to submit a potentially successful bid for a project - Architect's Responsibilities — Answer requests for clarification or interpretation-7 days prior to bid cutoff — Any modifications made by addendum — Review any requests for substitutions 10 days prior to bid cutoff — Any substitutions issued by addendum — Addenda will be issued no later than 4 days prior to submission date of bids — Review sub contractors

Answer 135

- General provisions - Expectations of the Owner, Contractor, Architect, and Subcontractors - Construction by Owner or by separate Contractors Changes in the work - Time, payments & completion - Requirements (protection of persons & property, insurance & bonds) - Uncovering & correction of work - Miscellaneous provisions - Legal matters (termination or suspension of the contract, claims & disputes)

Answer 136

- Components of the Contract Documents - Applicable definitions and relevant information for interpreting the agreement - Intent of the Contract Documents - Ownership of drawings, specifications, and other instruments of service - Data use, reproduction, and transmission - Building Information Modeling (BIM) use and reliance

Answer 137

- Evidence of the Owner's financial arrangements - Project expenses that are the Owner's direct responsibility - Requirements of the Owner to hire a lawfully practicing architect or architecture firm - The Owner's obligation to provide Contract Documents, a site survey, and other relevant information to the Contractor - The Owner's right to stop the work - The Owner's right to carry out the work

Answer 138

- The responsibility of the Architect to provide administration of the contract - Expectations of the Architect to make regular site visits - The extent of the Architect's role in the construction process - The responsibility of the Architect to keep the Owner reasonably informed - Standards for communication among the project team - The process of approving the Contractor's applications for payment - The Architect's authority to reject non-conforming work - The review and approval process for submittals - The Architect's responsibility to handle change orders and construction change directives - Conflict resolution processes - The Architect's obligation to respond to requests for information (RFI) regarding the Contract Documents

Answer 139

- The process for awarding subcontracts and other contracts for portions of the work - Sub contractual relations - The contingent assignment of subcontracts

Answer 140

- The Owner's right to perform construction and award separate contracts - Changes in the work, such as change orders, construction change directives, or minor changes - Time, in relation to progress and completion as well as delays and extensions - Payments and completion, including the contract sum, schedule of values, applications for payment, certificates for payment, decisions to withhold certification, progress payments, failure of payment, substantial completion, partial occupancy or use, and final completion & payment - Protection of persons and property, in relation to site safety, injury, and hazardous materials - Insurance and bond regulations - The uncovering and correction of work, both before ond after substantial completion - Termination or suspension of the contract - Claims & disputes and conflict resolution processes, including the Architect's role as the initial decision maker

Answer 141

- During pre-planning phase or proposal writing, estimates are based on **unit costs (cost per person, per bed, etc.)** - During programming, estimates are based on **cost per square foot of recently constructed comparable spaces**. - During schematic design, estimates are based on **building systems (budgets for the scopes of mechanical, electrical, plumbing, etc.)** - During design development, estimates are **based on components (estimated allotment for storefront, furniture, etc.)**. - During construction documentation, estimates are based on **cost per unit for selections and complete assemblies** (500 square feet of tile at $3/square feet, installed),

Answer 142

Reduces risk Reduces liability Likely will save time and energy later in the project

Answer 143

- Must have buy in **from top to bottom** of firm/office - Name **one person or a small committee** as heads of the program to maintain **daily or weekly** requirements - Involve **everyone** in the office - **Review past problem** areas - Must be maintained and used continually to be effective

Answer 144

- Follow any and all **laws and regulations** - Maintain **good programming** from the project onset - Use **checklists** - Hold quality management **meetings** - **Staff** projects appropriately - Hold quality circles - Use **corporate knowledge** - Don't be afraid to ask for **help**

Answer 145

* Confirm project goals * Confirm project budget * Confirm project timeline

Answer 146

- Continually circle back and confirm design and project objectives - Check in at given points throughout the project and design process - Confirm you are meeting programming requirements as the project progresses - Staff project appropriately throughout the design process - When in doubt, get a second set of eyes

Answer 147

- AIA Document BIOI is the standard form of agreement between an owner and an architect. You can access a sample of this document through the AIA website to review for your ARE exams. The beginning of the document contains the Table of Articles outlining all subjects addressed in the contract. While order or wording may be vary based on updates, the general contents are as follows: - Initial project information - The Architect's responsibilities, scope of basic services, & additional services - The Owner's responsibilities - Cost of the work - Legal matters (copyrights & licenses, claims & disputes, termination or suspension, & miscellaneous provisions) - Compensation - Special terms & conditions - Scope of the agreement

Answer 148

- The Owner's program - The project's physical characteristics - The Owner's budget - Scheduling milestones - Selected procurement and project delivery method - Sustainability objectives, if applicable - The Owner's and Architect's representatives, if either party elects to employ one - Consultants and contractors hired by the Owner and Architect, individually

Answer 149

- The Architect's responsibilities regarding professional services - Insurance requirements for the Architect - What is and is not included in the scope of the Architect's basic services - The Architect's roles and obligations for each phase of design - The Architect's responsibilities evaluating the work and approving payments to the contractor - The process for reviewing and approving submittals - Expectations for project completion and follow-up - Supplemental and additional services offered by the Architect, if applicable

Answer 150

- The Owner's responsibility to provide requested information in a timely manner - Breakdown of items that should be included in the overall project costs for the Owner's budget - The Owner's obligations regarding hiring and scheduling consultants and testing - The Owner's insurance requirements - Guidelines for communications within the project team

Answer 151

- Cost of work - Copyrights and licenses - Claims and disputes - Termination or suspension - Miscellaneous provisions - Compensation - Special terms and conditions - The scope of the agreement

Answer 152

- Permit is the term typically used to indicate approval of a proposed project concept, design, or execution by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AH)). AHJ refers to the individual, agency, or office responsible for enforcing the requirements of codes and regulations. They exist on the federal, state, and local levels. The following are examples of Authorities Having Jurisdiction: -- State fire marshal -- State education department -- State transportation deportment -- County building department -- County health department -- Local zoning department -- Utility companies -- Elevator inspectors

Answer 153

- The codes and requlations enforced by Authorities Having Jurisdiction also exist on the federal, state, and local levels. The following are a few examples of regulatory provisions: - Building code- International Building Code (IBC) or other - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes - NFPA 7: Fire code - NFPA 707: National Life Safety Code - NFPA 70: Notional Electrical Code - Energy codes - Housing codes - Department of Health codes and standards - Local zoning codes - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) guidelines - Historic preservation regulations

Answer 154

- Permits exist in many different forms. A few examples of approvals that may be awarded over the course of a project are a plan review, building permit, fire inspection, and a certificate of occupancy. - Restrictions that may apply to a project include deed restrictions, planning review board rules, restrictive covenants, zoning requirements, easements, and right-of-way. - Often, a special type of approval is required when a proposed project will violate a restriction. This circumstance will typically require an application and explanation of the proposal and violation, a presentation to a committee, and the issuance of approval, if the proposal is deemed appropriate. Examples include a variance or a special use permit.

Answer 155

- Permitting is relevant throughout the design process and may involve many authorities, agencies, boards, or review committees. - An application and review for a zoning variance would necessitate an approval during the concept stage. An owner or developer will not want to invest time and money into a design until they have permission to locate the specific project on the given site. - A plan review and award of building permit occur after the design is completed but before the project moves into construction. A review of this type is intended to ensure the proposed design meets the code requirements enforced by the AH), allowing any necessary charges to be made before the commencement of construction. - A certificate of occupancy is granted at the end of construction if a project has been constructed in accordance to code and safety standards. - **The requirement of incremental permits and approval can help ensure a project does not progress too far without first resolving any problems of compliance to the regulations of the AH]**

Answer 156

make (something) greater by adding to it; increase

Answer 157

Balanced scorecard is a system established to **provide performance goals** and metrics that take **intangibles into account** (in addition to strictly **monetary** measures).

Answer 158

Lean production is a system of quality control management based on **eliminating waste**

Answer 159

Project work plans help with quality control

Answer 160

Six Sigma is a system of quality control management based on eliminating variation.

Answer 161

- Review and confirm any and **all code and other regulatory requirements** - When possible, **stick with industry standards** or corporate knowledge - **Engage quality circles, quality teams, or other qualified people in your office** - Use checklists

Answer 162

- Confirm basic **code requirements** - Confirm hot button issues that go along with specific project type - Let the code or other regulatory requirements guide you - **Check your project drawings against code** or other regulatory requirements

Answer 163

- Use any corporate knowledge or past details when applicable - Stick to industry standards whenever possible

Answer 164

- Quality circles and teams should always review documents if available - A fresh set of eyes that are qualified can go be very effective

Answer 165

- Easy and effective - Check things off as you complete them - Easy to show what's left and still need completing

Answer 166

A planned unit development is an area **set aside for a specific use**, such as a **residential subdivision** or a mix of commercial and residential uses.

Answer 167

Cluster zoning allows structures to be grouped on one part of a site to preserve open space on other parts.

Answer 168

A **historic preservation district** is an example of overlay zoning. The primary zoning designation for the properties in the historic district might be commercial, residential, or some other category, but all improvements to the properties in this area are subject to the approval of the architectural review board. The board's goal is to protect areas of architectural or cultural distinction from decay due to demolition or neglect or to encourage development complementary to the area's existing character.

Answer 169

A joint use easement allows two or more property owners to share a common feature, such as a driveway.

Answer 170

Restrictive covenants are provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer.

Answer 171

is deviation from the zoning regulations

Answer 172

A conditional use permit (CUP) is a permit issued by the zoning jurisdiction **for a proposed use that is not otherwise allowed in a particular zoning district**. Of the options listed, only a CUP allows a commercial building to be built in a residential neighborhood.

Answer 173

- **It is the architect's contractual responsibility to provide a set of documents** that can be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). **Making these changes would not be additional services**. Therefore, the architect can not charge the owner for making these necessary changes to obtain a permit from the AHJ. - If the AHJS review had required a change that would greatly affect the scope of the project, then a meeting with the AH] (option D) might be appropriate, but this is not the case here.

Answer 174

- outlining all subjects addressed in the contract. While order or wording may vary based on updates, the general contents are as follows: - General provisions - The Consultant's responsibilities, scope of basic services, & additional services - The Architect's responsibilities - Cost of the work - Legal matters (copyrights & licenses, claims & disputes, termination or suspension, & miscellaneous provisions) - Compensation - Special terms & conditions - Scope of the agreement

Answer 175

- The **requirement to include the Owner-Architect Agreement as "Exhibit A" for the consultant's reference** - Explanation of terminology used in the contract - **The Consultant's ownership** of the means and methods of their scope of work - The limitations of liability that falls on the Architect - *(Communication guidelines among the project team** - **Shared costs between the two parties, if applicable** - **The agreed upon guidelines for sharing professional credit, if applicable** - Other Consultants to be retained **by the Architect** - Subconsultants to be retained **by the Consultant**

Answer 176

- The responsibility of the **Consultant to provide work consistent with the professional standard of care** - The Consultant's representative, if provided - The **recommendation of relevant surveys, tests, reports, and services** - Coordination of work and services - Responsibilities regarding errors and omissions of work - **Insurance requirements** - The services to be supplied by the Consultant per the agreement Supplemental and additional services offered by the Consultant, if applicable

Answer 177

The following sections relate to the roles and responsibilities of the Architect. This section includes the following information: - The responsibility of the Architect to provide timely information to the Consultant - The Architect's representative, if provided - The expectation for the Architect to assist in the coordination of work among Consultants - The actions required of the Architect upon receiving a Request for Information (RFI) regarding work performed by the Consultant - Information sharing among project team members regarding budget estimates and scopes of services - Methods for requesting outside surveys, tests, reports, or services from the Owner - The responsibility of errors and omissions in the Consultant's work - Requests relevant to evaluate, give notice of, or enforce lien rights by the Consultant

Answer 178

- Cost of work - Copyrights and licenses - Claims and disputes - Termination or suspension - Miscellaneous provisions - Compensation - Special terms and conditions - The scope of the agreement

Answer 179

schematic design: **15%** design development: **20%** construction documents: **40–45%** bidding and negotiation: **5%** contract administration: **15-20%**

Answer 180

- **Preservation** is the most historically accurate and requires keeping existing elements in situ. - **Restoration returns a building to its appearance at a particular point in time**. - **Reconstruction is building based on documentation (e.g., photographs and historical records)** that recreates elements of the building that have been demolished or lost to time. - **Rehabilitation emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials** but gives some latitude for replacement of damaged materials.

Answer 181

- Net service revenue (NSR) is the net fee determined by subtracting consultant fees from the gross fee for the project. - Estimate-at-completion (EAC) is job-to-date (JTD) plus estimate-to-complete (ETC) : labor hours and dollar amounts **estimated at project completion**. - JTD is labor hours and dollar amounts **spent as of the current date**. - Earned-not-billed (ENB) refers to amounts recognized in the accrual accounting system as revenue that is earned but not billed to clients.

Answer 182

A Proposal Request notifies the **contractor of an anticipated change and requests a proposal from the contractor** stating the **cost and/or time impact of the change**

Answer 183

The Architect’s Supplemental Instructions would be the appropriate document only **if there is no change in the cost or time**

Answer 184

- they make the architect responsible for identifying the performance needs of the specified items.

Answer 185

- they describe **general product needs**. - they explain **all components** of the specified items in detail. - they describe **the arrangement** and assembly of the components of the specified items.

Answer 186

- the period during which an **architect can be subject to legal action resulting from injury or damage caused by deficient design**. - A statute of limitations is a law that imposes time limits upon **the right of action by one party against another for alleged damage or injury**.

Answer 187

- Potential liquidated damages - Competitive conditions - Special insurance requirements - The weather - general overhead - fee - material cost

Answer 188

- A quality circle is a participatory management technique that brings employees **who do the same, or similar, work into formal, small groups** in order to **identify and address work-related problems**. **Solutions to problems are then presented to management**. The quality circle identifies those problems that affect **day-to-day** work. - **A steering committee may be appointed to coordinate the efforts of multiple quality circles** focusing on various issues. The steering committee then vets ideas to be **passed along to the firm's management**. Management issues such as developing strategic and **financial plans are outside of the scope of work performed by a quality circle**

Answer 189

The full wall schedule technique requires everyone on the project to work on developing the project schedule. This facilitates discussion about work tasks, responsibilities, and project deadlines. Participation of all team members is encouraged, and as a result, everyone has a vested interest in the final schedule.

Answer 190

I. providing a preliminary estimate for the cost of the work II. performing with professional care and skill III. submitting a schedule for approval IV. recommending needed tests, surveys, or investigations

Answer 191

- Life safety codes primarily address egress. - Building and fire codes are intended to protect buildings from fire damage.

Answer 192

- Until the expiration day of statute of repose. - documents should be suitably identified and properly stored in accordance **with the firm’s document retention policy**. - Unless required for a longer period by the services contract, documents are typically retained for a period of approximately the same length of time as the period **specified by the state statutes governing claims**. **Although some states have no statute of limitation on claims**, - a popular period for maintaining project files in storage is **15 years**. Documents on projects for repeat clients are often kept longer, especially if the project has future phases yet to be constructed

Answer 193

Practice management

Answer 194

Programming and analysis

Answer 195

Construction and evaluation

Answer 196

Project management

Answer 197

- The owner initiates a project partnering agreement. The owner hires the architect and contractor and might also hire other consultants. The owner has a separate contract with each professional. In these contracts, the consultants agree to be a part of the partnering process, which means that they agree to participate in partnering activities and meetings and **adhere to the dispute resolution terms defined by the team.** - **The participants do not have a contractual relationship with each other (i.e., their contracts are with the owner)** but they agree to cooperate and work together in good faith throughout the course of the project. - At the beginning of the project, the team members choose a third-party facilitator who leads a kick-off workshop in which the project goals are discussed, a work plan and schedule is developed, potential conflicts are identified, and the team determines the means of dispute resolution that will be used if required. The participants also develop an issue resolution ladder, which is a strategy for anticipating potential problems and a method for dealing with them.

Answer 198

True Architect can reject the work but can't stop the work. Only the Owner can stop the work.

Answer 199

- **The government has the right to take private property for public use** if it is for the greater good. The government must pay the property owner fair market value for the property, but the owner does not get a choice. - It is granted by the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states, **“…nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.** - Eminent domain laws are intended to allow public projects to move forward while fairly compensating private property owners for their property and any other damages, such as relocation expenses. This process is sometimes **referred to as condemnation.** - **condemnor must be authorized by statute or ordinance to use the power of eminent domain for a specific purpose**. The condemnor must first make an offer to buy the property from the property owner. If they cannot agree, eminent domain proceedings may be initiated, **where the condemnor will be required to prove that the property is to be acquired for a public purpose**. - If the judge agrees that use of eminent domain is appropriate, **hearings begin to determine the fair market value of the property**. The judge may appoint a panel of “condemnation commissioners” who determine the fair market value or, if this is not satisfactory to either party, he or she may appoint a jury to determine the award. **The property owner is then paid the determined fair market value plus any other damages the court deems appropriate**. - **The power of eminent domain may be transferred to a private company, such as a utility company, railroad, port authority, and so on**, when that entity is working on a project that is **determined to serve the public interest**. The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Kelo v. City of New London determined that **the power of eminent domain may be also used by a private, for-profit company** when the project serves the public interest by promoting economic development.

Answer 200

Inclusionary zoning requires construction of **low-income housing as a condition of approval**.

Answer 201

- shop drawings - samples - product data

Answer 202

Master specifications are a collection of standardized, pre-written technical specifications or guide specifications used by designers, architects, and other construction professionals. They save time and help prevent mistakes by serving as a base for customization for a particular project or spec. They are arranged by type in sections.

Answer 203

a responsible bidder is considered by the owner and architect to be fully responsible and qualified to perform the work for which the bid is submitted.

Answer 204

- **It specifies a particular product by brand name and allows no substitution** This is the easiest type of specification for the architect to write, but **puts all of the responsibility** for choosing a material that is code-compliant and technically correct onto **the architect**

Answer 205

- A base bid with alternates specification is **similar in format to the base bid with "approved equal" language specification**. - **Both call for a specific product but allow substitution of other materials** - However, an important difference between the two is that **the base bid with alternates allows a contractor to substitute a product that he feels is equal, and does not require the _architect's approval_**. - The product he submits may not be comparable to the one defined in the specification but must be accepted due to the way the specification is written. - **This type of specification does not give the owner and architect control over the quality** of the products used.

Answer 206

- A descriptive specification defines the **type of outcome desired but does not list specific products**. **It is the most difficult type of specification** for an architect to write because **it requires listing all of the criteria that a material or assembly must meet**. Therefore, it is more likely **one would erroneously report the required standards, resulting in lowered performance from the product**.

Answer 207

- The base bid with "approved equal" language **lists the desired product and states that an alternative product proposed by a contractor will be considered by the architect**. - This establishes a minimum level of quality based upon the characteristics of the specified product, but **it puts the responsibility on the contractor to find and submit an alternative product** if he or she wishes. - This type of specification will require the architect to evaluate the proposals **during the bidding phase and issue addenda notifying all bidders of the decisions**. - When using a base bid with an "approved equal" type of specification, **it is important to include a deadline for submission of proposed substitutions during the bidding phase to allow the architect enough time to research the products and issue notification to the bidders of the substitutions' acceptance or rejection**.

Answer 208

- Typical off-site costs routinely include **costs of improvements outside project property lines**, such as **utilities**. - **Access road costs are sometimes included, but would not be considered a routine cost as they may be paid for either by the owner or a government agency**, depending on the situation

Answer 209

- Type 1: Graphic/Confirming, 2hr - Type 2: Coordination/Missing Information, 5hr - Type 3: Code/Contract Information, 8hr

Answer 210

- **the architect is responsible only for providing administration of the construction contract**. - The architect endeavors to protect the owner from defects and deficiencies in the work, and **they may be held responsible by the owner if due care is not used in evaluating the work**. - **Superintendence and supervision of construction are responsibilities of the contractor** or an agent of the contractor. - **Inspection is generally performed by building inspectors** who represent the public interest.

Answer 211

After the CD phase has been completed, the project is ready to enter the bidding process. When bidding a project,**the bidders should be allowed sufficient time to review and estimate the project**. Reducing this time could result in fewer and less accurate bids, which could then lead to issues during construction.

Answer 212

- Statutes of limitations and statutes of repose **both place limits on the amount of time that claims can be filed relative to design or construction issues**. - The state’s statute of limitations establishes the amount of time that a party has to take legal action **upon discovery of a design or construction defect**. - Some states have **“right to cure”** laws that are relevant to construction deficiencies. Where they exist, **the requirements vary from state to state**. Some require the owner or **claimant to notify the other party of the issue and give them the opportunity to inspect the site and either repair the problem or compensate** the claimant appropriately before legal action can be taken. Others simply require the claimant to notify the other party before starting legal action.

Answer 213

- Statutes of limitations and statutes of repose **both place limits on the amount of time that claims can be filed relative to design or construction issues**. - **statutes of repose extend beyond Statutes of limitations** - The statute of repose establishes **the time during which legal action may be taken once construction has completed**. The statute of repose for a construction project **begins at a fixed time (such as substantial completion, final inspection, or first use for the intended purpose, depending on the state), and the length of time varies by state**. Some state laws include language that allows the established length of **time to be extended in cases of injury, or when defects are discovered near the end of the time period**. - **The American Institute of Architects (AIA) documents limit the time in which a claim may be made to 10 years**, or the length of time prescribed by state law, whichever is shorter.

Answer 214

- A performance bond amount of less than **100 percent** indicates that the surety does not believe that the contractor can perform the work according to the surety’s standards. The surety may believe that the project is too big for the contractor, or that the contractor has too many commitments to other projects

Answer 215

- **work done to make a structure or system ready for use** - no structural modifications should be required. Geotechnical services, should already have been arranged by the building owner and completed. Acoustical services should not be necessary, as minimum required sound insulation would be part of the demising wall

Answer 216

- At the beginning of the building code analysis, **the architect must determine the local regulations, which include the type and edition of adopted building codes (e.g., the International Building Code, International Mechanical Code, National Electrical Code)**, as well as modifications adopted by the local jurisdiction that add, delete, or modify parts of the building codes. - After determining the local regulations, other building factors can be considered such as **occupancy (use group), allowable building height and area, and allowable construction type**

Answer 217

**the owner, contractor, and architect** should jointly inspect the area to be occupied and record its condition immediately prior to the partial occupancy.

Answer 218

- **The geotechnical engineer** makes the various soil tests required for a particular site and **suggests the type of foundation** based on the bearing capacity of the soil and other factors. - However, **responsibility for the design of the foundation and type of system employed is ultimately the structural engineer’s** - Typically, the geotechnical engineer’s report is contracted and paid for by the client, and the services of the structural engineer are included in the architect’s scope of services.

Answer 219

- ISO 9000, which was established by the International Standards Organization (ISO), refers to a **quality assurance program** that can be applied to a variety of processes and industries, including **service providers, manufacturing, management, and design**. - The **seven quality management principles** on which all ISO 9000 standards are based are as follows. -- **customer focus** : meeting customer expectations and objectives -- **leadership** : all employees are working toward a common purpose -- **engagement of people** : the skills of all employees are being utilized and recognized appropriately -- **process approach** : the company has established clear guidelines for systems and processes -- **improvement** : organization reacts to successes and failures in a proactive way -- **evidence-based decision making** : choices are made after thorough investigation of objective data -- **relationship management** : maintain open communication with all parties with whom the company interacts - ISO 9000 is an umbrella term that refers to a number of **quality standards**; - **ISO 9001 applies to architectural design processes**. To participate, a **design firm must develop and implement programs that satisfy the requirements of each section of the standard**; all aspects of practice are evaluated, **including purchasing procedures (including the qualifications of consultants that a firm employs), record keeping, systems for preparing and checking work**, and financial management. An **organization’s process can be certified to an ISO standard, if it complies with the program requirements**, and compliance is validated by frequent third-party audits of the company’s policies and practices.

Answer 220

- After receiving concept and early-stage information about the design, the structural engineer will make preliminary selections of the **major structural components and systems during schematic design. Load calculations and member sizing are primarily performed during the design development** phase, further along in the project.

Answer 221

- If performance-based specifications are used, **bidders can submit any product that meets the performance requirements established**. - **This type of specification does not list products** that would comply. The **responsibility to design a system or propose an item that meets the requirements is the contractor’s**. - The **architect would review the proposed materials for compliance** during the submittals process.

Answer 222

- During preliminary scheduling, **the architect should allow additional time for coordination with consultants’ work**. - The architect should make the timeline **accord with the client’s decision-making process**, not vice versa. - A preliminary **project timeline should be made immediately after a commission has been awarded**, not after completion of schematic design. - It is standard to plan for client **reviews at the end of each phase of design**, although additional reviews may be accommodated for larger projects.

Answer 223

- work in progress (WIP) is defined as time and expenses that have not yet been included on client invoices, - billed refers to amounts already invoiced to clients, - spent refers to the total time and expenses expended on the project at the given billing rates and markup.

Answer 224

**contractor, insurance company, AHJ**

Answer 225

- Deed restrictions are clauses in a deed that **place conditions, limitations, or restrictions on the use of property**. Private developers often impose such restrictions on buyers **for the purpose of maintaining the consistency or integrity of a development**. All of the other terms listed refer to restrictions imposed by, or **approvals granted by, local governmental agencies**.

Answer 226

G- General H-Hazardous Materials **V- Survey/Mapping** **B- Geotechnical** C- Civil L- Landscape S- Structural A- Architectural I- Interiors **Q- Equipment** F- Fire Protection P- Plumbing **D-Process** M-Mechanical E-Electrical **W-Distributed Energy** T-Telecommunications R-Resource (Existing conditions / buildings **X-Other Disciplines** **Z-Contractor/Shop Drawings** O-Operations

Answer 227

- **whomever owns the land shall own the earth to its center and up to the heavens**. - **Air rights permit a party to use the open space above land or an existing structure**. Air rights can be sold or transferred to another party. - **Air rights do not give a property owner the right to prohibit aircraft from entering that space**; in the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration controls where aircraft can and cannot fly, not individual property owners.

Answer 228

- **Riparian rights allow property owners whose lots abut a natural river the right to make use of that resource**. - **Littoral rights are similar to riparian rights but apply to areas along the shores of bodies of water affected by tidal currents**, such as oceans and navigable lakes. - State laws vary, but generally, **man-made bodies of water do not have the same usage rights attached to them as natural waterways.**

Answer 229

(of an area of land or a building) be next to or have a common boundary with.

Answer 230

- if the contractor discovers conditions that differ from the contract documents and would necessitate changes to the contract sum or length, the contractor must report this to the owner and architect **before the conditions are disturbed and no later than 14 days after the conditions were first discovered**.

Answer 231

- the surety may complete the work with its own forces - hire another contractor to complete the work - pay for the cost of completing the work to the amount of the penal sum of the bond - use the defaulted contractor

Answer 232

- The Performance Bond and Payment Bond (Document A312) **does not require that the surety be notified when change orders are issued** - **Non-AIA bond forms, however, may require such notification**. If so, this is usually the contractor’s responsibility - **Change orders usually do not invalidate bonds** - **increases in the contract sum may result in increased bond premium costs**

Answer 233

- When an owner negotiates a contract with a contractor, the agreement may be based on a **stipulated sum**, such as AIA Document A101-2017 or **on the cost of the work plus a fee, with a guaranteed maximum price**, such as AIA Document A102-2017 . - the agreement for the construction of a project is **never based on the architect’s estimate**. - A **percentage of construction cost agreement** is a contract for professional services, such as an AIA **Owner-Architect** Agreement, not an owner-contractor agreement

Answer 234

- General obligation bonds are typically used to **fund a specific project, such as a library or fire station**. **They are not used to encourage private development**, although later private development could be a consequence of the new public facility being constructed (such as apartments or restaurants built in the vicinity of a publicly funded baseball stadium). Because all taxpayers in the jurisdiction issuing the general obligation bonds must pay off the bonds through a property tax, a voter majority is required.

Answer 235

- Developer impact fees are generally used **to fund infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development**. Although these fees are a common method of raising money, **they can have a negative effect because developers look for areas to build in where impact fees are not charged**.

Answer 236

- Business improvement districts are used **to fund public space improvements, such as streetscapes, to enhance an area’s appeal and, indirectly, its property values.** - Taxes are assessed on those property owners in the district who will benefit from the improvements, so **this type of financing is not intended to encourage private development**

Answer 237

- Tax increment financing is a method **cities use to issue bonds to pay for improvements (such as new sewers or streets) within a specified district.** These improvements are **intended to stimulate private development within the district by providing better infrastructure and city services**. - During the time of redevelopment, **taxes are based on the assessed valuation of the properties prior to the redevelopment**. (A tax based on the value of the property being taxed is known **as ad valorem tax**.) After the improvements are complete, the increase in tax revenue attributable to the development **(the tax increment) is used to repay the bonds**

Answer 238

- A pro forma is an **analysis of the costs and revenues projected for a potential project** and should be a part of the **owner’s initial planning**. - Generally this analysis and documentation is **required to secure adequate funding for the project from lenders or investors**

Answer 239

omit or decline to take (something pleasant or valuable); go without.

Answer 240

- A work breakdown structure is the **project’s to-do list or the list of the tasks that must be performed to complete the project**. This can take the form of a list, spreadsheet, or mind map, depending on the project manager’s preferences. - It is generally developed by **breaking the project into sections (by discipline, phase, or both)** and then further “decomposing” the **project into smaller, single tasks**. - Unlike a responsibility matrix, a work breakdown structure **does not assign the tasks to specific people**. **Unlike a critical path method (CPM) chart or other scheduling tool, it does not establish dependencies**

Answer 241

- A responsibility matrix is a document that the **project manager prepares that assigns tasks to specific team members**. - The matrix **can be used on a micro level to clarify individuals’ responsibilities and manage day-to-day workflow**. - Likewise, it can be used on a macro level to assess whether the firm or team has the resources available to complete the project within the proposed time frame.

Answer 242

- **Municipal facilities are most often financed by means of bonds**, of which there are two types: - **general obligation bonds** are used to finance the construction of facilities which **do not collect revenue, such as schools**. - **Revenue bonds** are used to finance the construction of facilities which **produce revenue**. Since the sale of water to residential, commercial, and industrial users generates revenue, **the treatment plant in this question would probably be financed by revenue bonds**

Answer 243

- project description and client requirements - statement of deliverables - team organization - responsibility matrix - preliminary project schedule - preliminary staffing needs - project directory - internal project budget and profit plan - code information (optional) While the project program and initial concept design sketches are important for any project, they are not part of a work plan.

Answer 244

Owner and contractor

Answer 245

- The full wall schedule technique requires **everyone on the project to work on developing the project schedule**. - This **facilitates discussion about work tasks, responsibilities, and project deadlines**. - Participation of all team members is encouraged, and as a result, everyone has a vested interest in the final schedule.

Answer 246

something you choose only after you've eliminated every other possibility

Answer 247

- agreement - contract condition - drawing - specification - addenda - any listed document

Answer 248

land that has not yet been built on, or buildings built on land that had never been used before for building

Answer 249

The three major features of this type of project delivery are - the owner contracts with **one entity** - a **fixed price is established early in the process** - the overall project **time is reduced**

Answer 250

This type of advice to the owner is part of the **construction manager as adviser (CMa) and construction manager as constructor (CMc) delivery methods**.

Answer 251

Competitive bidding is required for this type of project.

Answer 252

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) identify the three common methods for this as design-bid-build design-build construction manager at risk

Answer 253

A definition for this term, which is often abbreviated as CUP, can be found in a **zoning code.**

Answer 254

In this method of delivery, the architect is responsible for - setting **performance requirements** - assisting the owner in **selecting the design-build team** - **evaluating** the project progress **administering** the contract

Answer 255

- If changes to these are needed due to a **code or law revision**, the architect is entitled to **additional compensation for changes in service**.

Answer 256

- This is a **bond that a contractor submits with a bid to guarantee that the bidder, if successful, intends to enter into a contract for the amount bid.** - **The bond is forfeited if the bid is successful** but the bidder does not sign a contract.

Answer 257

- Deficiencies in the construction documents lead to this problem.

Answer 258

These activities must be addressed to maintain the overall quality of the project - **monitoring fees, time, and the construction budget** ‐ **controlling changes in the work compiling accurate and organized documentation** during the design and construction phases - **conforming with applicable codes** and requirements of local authorities

Answer 259

- Owner occupancy of a portion of the building or buildings before completion of the entire project.

Answer 260

- Term used to describe the professional responsible for the oversight and delivery of their discipline of professional work or services, **typically having administrative and technical responsibilities to the project.**

Answer 261

- A portion of the contract documents that formally list the written requirements for equipment, performance, quality, standard of workmanship, building materials, and construction systems. **Are included in the project manual**

Answer 262

- Documentation issued by the architect—**after issuing project documents for bidding and prior to the execution of the construction contract**—that modifies, clarifies, or corrects the intent of the project documents. The method of making a change before bidding is complete.

Answer 263

- A process by which an owner solicits qualified professionals to perform work or services. Also, **an evaluation and selection process for services**

Answer 264

- The third phase of design work after programming and schematic design. - Design development shows the integration of preliminary **building systems designs and fully develops the design of floor plans and elevations**. - Owner final approval of design is often achieved at the end of design development.

Answer 265

- A preliminary level of design; - the second phase of design work, after programming, that gives **form, shape, and itinerary to the project program**. - Schematic level design should suggest overall **building dimensions, footprint and profile, locations of building core items, egress, and preliminary floor plans**.

Answer 266

- After any of these events has occurred, it should be **documented in writing and sent to all involved parties**.

Answer 267

- This an indication that the project team has a **high degree of experience and skill**.

Answer 268

- This person’s contributions should be **directed to areas where their ideas will be most valued**.

Answer 269

- scope of services - breakdown of services into phases dependencies - milestones - staff needed to complete the work - allocation of time and fees - consultant scope of work

Answer 270

- This document is also called a **work plan**, since it includes fee breakdown information.

Answer 271

- A **detailed project schedule** is another name for this.

Answer 272

- Work assignments, - instructions, - reward and punishment, - social interaction

Answer 273

- **Code requirements** for the project are included in this communication and **final project schedule**.

Answer 274

- Contracts, - project communications, - approved project program Other items include budget, schedule, and eventually the closeout documents.

Answer 275

- This person should remain calm when a team member becomes angry and be prepared to listen.

Answer 276

- A Gantt, or bar, chart is used to develop this.

Answer 277

- This is developed at the **very beginning** of the project.

Answer 278

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

Answer 279

American National Standards Institute

Answer 280

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Answer 281

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Answer 282

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 283

- An engineer or other specialist retained by the architect to provide specified professional services that the architect is required to provide to the owner **under the owner-architect agreement**.

Answer 284

- An **acoustical engineer** is added to this group as a specialty consultant if this is included in the project.

Answer 285

- The owner, the architect, and the consultant are included in this group.

Answer 286

- The role of this position is to **coordinate all design and construction administration activities.**

Answer 287

- **Owner preferences** for staff selection and the **firm’s organizational structure** are used to determine

Answer 288

- **Past working relationship** is the primary criterion. - Other considerations are **fee proposal and firm expertise** for this.

Answer 289

- experience - availability - billing rate - personality