Practicals

Question 1

How do you calibrate a refractometer?

Answer 1

1. Wipe the surface of the prism with a clean tissue and distilled water.
2. Place 1/2 drops of distilled water onto the prism/reading surface and close the lip.
3. Look through the eye piece and ensure that the line between the blue section and the white section lies at 1.000SPG.
4. Wipe off the water with a clean tissue. This will ensure the urine is not diluted, affecting the results.

Question 2

What is the normal range for USG of a dog?

Answer 2

1.016-1.060

Question 3

What is the normal range for USG in a cat?

Answer 3

1.020-1.040

Question 4

Which blood tube would be appropriate to use when testing for clotting factors?

Answer 4

Sodium citrate - lilac tube

Question 5

What is the only parameter measurable with a fluoride oxalate tube?

Answer 5

Glucose (obsolete in practice due to glucometer)

Question 6

What is USG a measure of?

Answer 6

Urine concentration of solutes and so the concentrating ability of the kidneys

Question 7

Describe the layers in a prepared centrifuged haematocrit tube.

Answer 7

1. Red blood cells
2. Leucocytes
3. Plasma

Question 8

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 8

Plasma has clotting factors, serum does not

Question 9

What sort of abnormalities might you find in a urine sediment exam?

Answer 9

Crystals
Casts
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Sperm
Pathogens

Question 10

What are casts?

Answer 10

Bits of the nephron tubule shavings

Question 11

Which of the assays on a urinary dipstick are of use for veterinary species?

Answer 11

pH
Blood
Glucose
Ketones
Protein

Question 12

Which area of a blood smear is useful for examining individual cells?

Answer 12

Monolayer

Question 13

What are the 2 types of blood smear technique?

Answer 13

Push (push is best for you) and pull

Question 14

What are canthocytes?

Answer 14

Spiky appearance of blood cells when a sample is old

Question 15

How does diet affect urine pH?

Answer 15

pH is more acidic if carnivore and more alkaline if herbivore

Question 16

What are the risk factors of rectal tears in horses?

Answer 16

• Fractious patients
• Males, though more common in females
• Repeated straining during examination
• Inflammatory proctitis

Question 17

What is poor practice equine rectal examination technique?

Answer 17

• Insufficient lubricant
• Continuing to push through a strain
• Poor restraint
• Insufficient sedation or relaxant dose of failing to wait for this to reach effect

Question 18

How is equine rectal tear most frequently identified?

Answer 18

By the observation of blood on your hand