PRELIM-INTRO TO URINALYSIS Flashcards
1
Q
The kidneys continuously form ___ as an ultrafiltrate of
plasma.
A
urine
2
Q
HOW MANY ML OF PLASMA DOES KIDNEY FILTERED DAILY?
A
approximately 170,000 mL
3
Q
out of the 170 000 ml of filtered plasma, how much urine output is being filtered out daily?
A
average daily urine output - 1200 ml
4
Q
____, a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from
the breakdown of protein and amino acids
A
Urea
5
Q
where is the urea produced?
A
in the liver
6
Q
Urea, a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from
the breakdown of __ and ___
A
protein and amino acids
7
Q
what component serves half of the total dissolved solids in the urine
A
urea
8
Q
what is themajor inorganic solid dissolved in the urine
A
chloride, followed by the sodium and the potassium
9
Q
the component we can test if it the specimen is really a urine
A
urea and creatinine
Because both
these substances are present in much higher concentra
tions in urine than in other body fluids, a high urea and
creatinine content can identify a fluid as urine
10
Q
Primary organic component. Product
of protein and amino acid
metabolism
A
urea
11
Q
Product of creatine metabolism by
muscles
A
creatinine
12
Q
Product of nucleic acid breakdown in
food and cells
A
uric acid
13
Q
Primary inorganic component. Found
in combination with sodium (table
salt) and many other inorganic
substances
A
chloride
14
Q
Primarily from salt, varies by intake
A
SODIUM
15
Q
Combined with chloride and other
salts
A
potassium
16
Q
Combines with sodium to buffer the
blood
A
phosphate
17
Q
Regulates blood and tissue fluid
acidity
A
ammonium
18
Q
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and
phosphate
A
calcium
19
Q
is a urine output of 600 to 2000 ml is still considered normal
A
yes
20
Q
___, a decrease in urine output
A
Oliguria
21
Q
values of oliguria in infants, children and adults
A
1 mL/kg/hr in infants
less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in
children,
less than 400 mL/day in adults)
22
Q
a cessation of urine flow/output
A
anuria
23
Q
possible causes of anuria
A
serious damage in the kidney or the decrease in the flow of blood to the kidney
24
Q
An increase in the nocturnal ex
cretion of urine is termed ___.
A
nocturia
25
a fluid lost in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus is compensated by increase water intake known as
polydipsia
26
what is the first symptom of either dm and di
Polyuria accompa
nied by increased fluid intake (polydipsia)
27
the desired temperature for refrigeration
2 - 8 * celcius
28
what is the ideal preservative
bactericidal,
inhibit urease
preserve formed elements in the sediment
29
cause of color darkening
Oxidation or reduction of metabolites
30
cause of turbity in urine
Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material
31
cause of odor turning ammoniacal or foul
Bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea to ammonia
32
causes of the increase of the urine's ph
Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss
of CO2
33
other reason why the glucose decreased in unpreservced urine
Glycolysis
34
cause of decrease amount of ketone in unpreserved urine
Volatilization and bacterial metabolism
35
cause of decrease amount of bilirubin in unpreserved urine
Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin
36
cause of decrease amount of urobilinogen in unpreserved urine
Oxidation to urobilin
37
unpreserved urine: nitrite
Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
converting nitrate to nitrite
38
unpreserved urine: decrease amount of rbc and wbc cells and casts
Disintegration in dilute alkaline urine
39
decrease amount of trichomonas in unpreserved urine
loss of motility and death
40
Specimens must be returned to room
temperature before chemical testing by reagent strips
because the enzyme reactions on the strips perform best
at room temperature.
true or false
true
41
When preserving samples that will be
transported to another laboratory, be sure to check with
that laboratory concerning the appropriate preservative.
true or false
true
42
This is the most commonly received specimen because of
its ease of collection and convenience for the patient.
random specimen
43
The ___ is useful for routine screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities
random specimen
44
. It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests
first morning urine specimen
45
urine specimen for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
first morning specimen
46
The ____ is a concentrated specimen, thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be
present in a dilute random specimen.
first morning specimen
47
* The ideal screening specimen
first morning specimen
48
also known as 8hour specimen
first morning specimen
49
The second voided specimen after a period of fasting.
fasting specimen (second morning)
50
*This specimen will not contain any metabolites from food ingested before the
beginning of the fasting period.
fasting specimen (second morning)
51
urine specimen Recommended for glucose monitoring
fasting specimen
52
The patient is instructed to void shortly before consuming a routine meal and
to collect a specimen 2 hours after eating.
2 hour- Postprandial specimen
53
* Specimen is tested for glucose
* Results are used primarily for insulin therapy monitoring
2 hour- Postprandial specimen
54
*Collected correspond with blood samples drawn during glucose tolerance test (GTT)
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE SPECIMEN
55
*Urine is tested for glucose and ketones
The number of specimens
varies with the length of the test
glucose tolerance specimens
56
Specimen used for urine quantitative
assay.
24 hour (timed) specimen
57
The patient must begin and end the
collection period with empty bladder.
24 hour (timed) specimen
58
The most common error encountered
in 24 hour (timed) specimen is related to ___
improperly timed specimen collection
59
* Less traumatic method for obtaining urine
midstream clean catch specimen
60
for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis.
Midstream “clean catch” specimen
61
Used to avoid contamination (ex. Vaginal discharge)
Midstream “clean catch” specimen
62
a urine specimen which there's an insertion of a sterile catheter
through urethra into the bladder.
Catheterized specimen
63
a urine specimen wherein the Urine flows directly from the
bladder through the indwelling
catheter and accumulates in a
plastic reservoir bag
Catheterized specimen
64
* Most often these specimen are sent
for bacterial culture.
Catheterized specimen
65
Involves collecting urine directly
from the bladder by puncturing
the abdominal wall and
distended bladder using needle
and syringe.
Suprapubic aspiration specimen
66
provides a sample for bacterial
culture that is completely free of
extraneous contamination.
Suprapubic aspiration specimen
67
The specimen can also be used
for cytologic examination.
Suprapubic aspiration specimen
68
Commercially available plastic urine collection bags with
hypoallergenic skin adhesive are used.
PEDIATRIC COLLECTION
69
The bag is placed over the penis in the male and around the
vagina (exluding the anus) in the female, and the adhesive is
firmly attached to the perineum.
PEDIATRIC COLLECTION
70
Also known as “three glass collection”
PROSTATITIS SPECIMEN
71
how many container does PROSTATITIS SPECIMEN need
4 containeri
72
indicate the containers for PROSTATITIS SPECIMEN and their uses
–1st container -> Urethral infection or inflammation
–2nd container -> urinary bladder infection
–3rd and 4th container -> Prostatic infection
* (+ WBC and 10x bacteria compared to 1st container)
73
provides this documentation of proper sample identification
from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results
* Chain of custody
74
is a standardized form that must document and
accompany every step of drug testing
chain of custody
75
urine required amount for drug testing
30-45 ml
76
advantage of refrigeration
* Acceptable for
routine U/A for 24
hours
* Acceptable for urine
culture; inhibits
bacterial growth for
24 hours
* INEXPENSIVE
77
disadvantage of refrigeration
* Precipitates
amorphous and/ or
crystalline solutes
* Increases Specific
gravity
78
use of refrigeration
serves as a Storage before and
after testing
79
advantage of thymol as a preservative
* Preserves glucose
& sediment
elements (cast &
cell)
* Inhibits bacterial
and yeast growth
80
disadvanatge of thymol as a preservative
Interferes with acid
precipitation test for
protein
81
use of thymol as a preservative
sediment preservation
82
advantage of formalin as a preservative
* Excellent cellular
preservative
83
disadvantage of formalin
* Act as reducing
agent, interfere with
urine chemical test
(glucose, blood,
leukocyte esterase
& copper reduction)
84
use of formalin
for cytology
85
advantage of sarccomano fixative
* Preserves cellular
elements
86
disadvabatge of sarccomano fixative
potential chemical hazard
87
use of sarccomano fixative
for cytology
88
advatage of concentrated hcl
A good preservative
for drug analyses
89
disadvatage of concentrated hcl
Unacceptable for
urinalysis testing
90
use of concentrated hcl
For quantitative
analysis
91
advatage of boric acid
* Preserves protein
* Does not interfere
with routine
analyses except pH
92
disadvatage of boric acid
* Interferes pH
determination
93
advatange of sodium carbonate
* Inexpensive
* Stabilizes
porphyrins,
porphobilinogen
94
disadvanateg of sodium carbonate
* Unacceptable for
urinalysis testing
95
use of sodium carbonate
Quantitative analysis
of porphyrins,
porphobilinogen
96
advanatage of sodium fluoride
* Prevents glycolysis
97
disadvanatge of sodium flouride
* Inhibits reagent
strip tests for
glucose, blood, and
leukocytesad
98
advantage of toluene
Does not
interfere with
routine tests
99
disadvantage of toluene
* Floats on
surface of
specimen and
clings to pipettes
100
advanatge of phenol
Does not
interfere with
routine tests
101
disadvatange of phenol
Causes an odor
change
102
urine temperature for drug testing
32.5 37.7 and measured within 4 minutes
103
a type of nephron that is Approximately 85%
» Responsible for removal of waste
products & reabsorption
Cortical nephron
104
a type nephron that is Primary function is concentration of the
urine
Juxtamedullary nephron (15%)
